Editing Human cannibalism (section)

=== Hearts and livers ===
Cases of people eating human [[liver]]s and [[heart]]s, especially of enemies, have been reported from across the world. After the [[Battle of Uhud]] (625), [[Hind bint Utba]] ate (or at least attempted to) the liver of [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], an uncle of [[Muhammad]]. At that time, the liver was considered "the seat of life".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Orlandi |first1=Riccardo |last2=Cianci |first2=Nicole |last3=Invernizzi |first3=Pietro |last4=Cesana |first4=Giancarlo |date=August 2018 |title='I Miss My Liver.' Nonmedical Sources in the History of Hepatocentrism |journal=Hepatology Communications |volume=2 |issue=8 |page=989 |doi=10.1002/hep4.1224|pmid=30094408 |pmc=6078213 }}</ref>
French Catholics ate livers and hearts of [[Huguenots]] at the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] in 1572, in some cases also offering them for sale.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Penny |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sahCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 |title=Crowd Actions in Britain and France from the Middle Ages to the Modern World |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-31651-6 |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Michael T. |edition=illustrated |chapter=Riot and Religion in Sixteenth-Century France |pages=35–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vandenberg |first1=Vincent |title=De chair et de sang: Images et pratiques du cannibalisme de l'Antiquité au Moyen Âge |series=Tables des hommes |date=2014 |publisher=Presses universitaires François-Rabelais |location=Tours |isbn=978-2-86906-828-5 |url=https://books.openedition.org/pufr/23892 |language=fr |at=ch. 2}}</ref>

[[File:Tang Wuzong.jpg|thumb|upright=.85|[[Emperor Wuzong of Tang]] supposedly ate [[heart]]s and [[liver]]s of teenagers to cure his illness]]
In China, [[medical cannibalism]] was practised over centuries. People voluntarily cut their own body parts, including parts of their livers, and boiled them to cure ailing relatives.{{sfn|Chong|1990|p=102}} Children were sometimes killed because eating their boiled hearts was considered a good way of extending one's life.{{sfn|Chong|1990|pp=143–144}} [[Emperor Wuzong of Tang]] supposedly ordered provincial officials to send him "the hearts and livers of fifteen-year-old boys and girls" when he had become seriously ill, hoping in vain that this folk "medicine" would cure him. Later, private individuals sometimes followed his example, paying soldiers who kidnapped preteen children for their kitchen.{{sfn|Siefkes|2022|pp=275–276}}

When "human flesh and organs were sold openly at the marketplace" during the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in 1850–1864, human hearts became a popular dish, according to some who afterwards freely admitted having consumed them.{{sfn|Chong|1990|pp=106}}
According to a missionary's report from the brutal suppression of the [[Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)|Dungan Revolt of 1895–1896]] in northwestern China, "thousands of men, women and children were ruthlessly massacred by the imperial soldiers" and "many a meal of human hearts and livers was partaken of by soldiers", supposedly out of a belief that this would give them "the courage their enemies had displayed".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rijnhart |first1=Susie Carson |title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple: Narrative of Four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Border, and of a Journey into the Far Interior |date=1901 |publisher=Foreign Christian Missionary Society |location=Cincinnati |page=92 |edition=5 |url=https://archive.org/details/withtibetansinte00rijn}}</ref>

In World War II, Japanese soldiers ate the livers of killed Americans in the [[Chichijima incident]].<ref>{{Cite web |author-last1=Budge |author-first1=Kent G. |title=Mori Kunizo (1890–1949) |url=http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/M/o/Mori_Kunizo.htm |date=2012 |access-date=August 18, 2021 |website=The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia}}</ref>
Many Japanese soldiers who died during the occupation of [[Jolo]] Island in the [[Philippines]] had their livers eaten by local [[Moro people|Moro]] fighters, according to Japanese soldier Fujioka Akiyoshi.<ref name=Matthiessen-Pan-Asianism-p172>{{cite book |last=Matthiessen |first=Sven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llPeCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Fujioka+described+the+utmost+brutality+of+the+Moros,+who+had+killed%22&pg=PA172 |title=Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home? |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30572-4 |series=Brill's Japanese Studies Library |location= |page=172}}</ref>

During the [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–1976), hundreds of incidents of cannibalism occurred, mostly motivated by hatred against supposed "class enemies", but sometimes also by health concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|author-link=Song Yongyi|date=August 25, 2011|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976|access-date=July 12, 2023|website=[[Sciences Po]]|language=en}}</ref> In a case recorded by the local authorities, a school teacher in [[Mengshan County]] "heard that consuming a 'beauty's heart' could cure disease". He then chose a 13- or 14-year-old student of his and publicly denounced her as a member of the enemy faction, which was enough to get her killed by an angry mob. After the others had left, he "cut open the girl's chest&nbsp;..., dug out her heart, and took it home to enjoy".{{sfn|Zheng|2018|p=53}}
In a further case that took place in [[Wuxuan County]], likewise in the [[Guangxi]] region, three brothers were beaten to death as supposed enemies; afterwards their livers were cut out, baked, and consumed "as medicine".{{sfn|Zheng|2018|p=89}}
According to the Chinese writer [[Zheng Yi (writer)|Zheng Yi]], who researched these events, "the consumption of human liver was mentioned at least fifty or sixty times" in just a small number of archival documents.{{sfn|Zheng|2018|p=26}} He talked with a man who had eaten human liver and told him that "barbecued liver is delicious".{{sfn|Zheng|2018|p=30}}

During a massacre of the [[Madurese people|Madurese]] minority in the [[Indonesia]]n part of [[Borneo]] in 1999, reporter Richard Lloyd Parry met a young cannibal who had just participated in a "human barbecue" and told him without hesitation: "It tastes just like chicken. Especially the liver – just the same as chicken."<ref name=Parry-Apocalypse>{{cite web |last1=Parry |first1=Richard Lloyd |title=Apocalypse now: With the cannibals of Borneo |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/apocalypse-now-1082766.html |website=The Independent |access-date=December 13, 2023 |language=en |date=March 25, 1999}}</ref> In 2013, during the [[Syrian civil war]], Syrian rebel Abu Sakkar was filmed eating parts of the lung or liver of a government soldier while declaring that "We will eat your hearts and your livers you soldiers of [[Bashar al-Assad|Bashar]] the dog".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Paul |date=July 5, 2013 |title=Face-to-face with Abu Sakkar, Syria's 'heart-eating cannibal' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23190533}}</ref>