Editing Hudson River (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of the Hudson River}}

===Pre-Columbian era===
The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived. The [[Lenape]], [[Wappinger]], and [[Mahican]] branches of the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquians]] lived along the river,<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/> mostly in peace with the other groups.<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/><ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/> The Algonquians in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area. One major settlement was called Navish, which was located at [[Croton Point]], overlooking the Hudson River. Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the [[Hudson Highlands]]. Many villagers lived in various types of houses, which the Algonquians called [[wigwams]], though large families often lived in [[Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America|longhouses]] that could be a hundred feet long.<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/>

At the associated villages, they grew corn, beans, and squash. They also gathered other types of plant foods, such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers. In addition to agriculture, the Algonquians also fished in the Hudson River, focusing on various species of freshwater fish, as well as various variations of [[striped bass]], [[American eel]]s, [[sturgeon]], [[herring]], and [[shad]]. Oyster beds were also common on the river floor, which provided an extra source of nutrition. Land hunting consisted of turkey, deer, bear, and other animals.<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/>

The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape,<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/> while further north, the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to [[Poughkeepsie]]. They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north.<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/> The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present-day [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]] to [[Lake Champlain]],<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/> with their capital located near present-day [[Albany, New York|Albany]].<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/>

===Exploration and colonization===
[[John Cabot]] is credited for the [[Old World]]'s discovery of continental North America, with his journey in 1497 along the continent's coast. In 1524, [[Florence|Florentine]] explorer [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor,<ref name="Hudson, Charles H 1874, p. 1-2"/> however he left the harbor shortly thereafter, without navigating into the Hudson River.<ref name="NY Times Verrazano"/> In 1598, Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in [[New York Bay]].<ref name="Hudson, Charles H 1874, p. 1-2"/>

In 1609 the [[Dutch East India Company]] financed English navigator [[Henry Hudson]] in his search for the [[Northeast Passage]], but thwarted by sea ice in that direction, he sailed westward across the Atlantic in pursuit of a [[Northwest Passage]].<ref name='De Laet "New World"'>{{cite book |last1=De Laet |first1=Johan |title="New World, Chapter 7," Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664 |date=1909 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> During the search, Hudson sailed up the river that would later be named after him. He then sailed upriver to a point near Stuyvesant (Old Kinderhook), and the ship’s boat with five members ventured to the vicinity of present-day Albany, reaching an end to navigation.<ref name="History of Old Kinderhook">{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Edward |title=A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time |date=1914 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |pages=2–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIY-AAAAYAAJ |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Henry Hudson"/>

The [[Dutch empire|Dutch]] subsequently began to colonize the region, establishing the colony of [[New Netherland]], including three major fur-trading outposts: [[New Amsterdam]], [[Wiltwyck]], and [[Fort Orange]].<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/><ref name="New Netherland Cornell"/> New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River, and would later become known as [[New York City]]. Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River, and would later become Kingston. Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck, and later became known as Albany.<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/>

The [[Dutch West India Company]] operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony.<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/> In 1647, Director-General [[Peter Stuyvesant]] took over management of the colony, and surrendered it in 1664 to the British, who had invaded the largely-defenseless New Amsterdam.<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/><ref name="Capture of New Amsterdam"/> New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York, after the [[Duke of York]].<ref name="Capture of New Amsterdam"/>

Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub. Manors were developed on the east side of the river, and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms.<ref name="Colonial British NY"/> In 1754, the [[Albany Plan of Union]] was created at [[Stadt Huys|Albany City Hall]] on the Hudson.<ref name="Albany Congress NYS"/><ref name="Albany City Hall Location NYS"/> The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the [[Continental Congress]].<ref name="Albany Plan of Union"/><ref name="Iroquois Treaty Albany"/>

===American Revolution===
During the [[American Revolutionary War]], the British realized that the river's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from [[Montreal]] to New York City.<ref name="West Point Chain"/> British general [[John Burgoyne]] planned the [[Saratoga campaign]], to control the river and therefore cut off the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|patriot]] hub of [[New England]] (to the river's east) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river's west. The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states.<ref name="Saratoga"/> As a result, numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways. These include the [[Battle of Long Island]], in August 1776<ref name="NYTimes Battle of Long Island"/> and the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]] the following month.<ref name="Battle of Harlem Heights"/> Later that year, the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County, culminating in the [[Battle of White Plains]].<ref name="Westchester Magazine White Plains"/>

Also in late 1776, New England militias fortified the river's choke point known as the [[Hudson Highlands]], which included building [[Fort Clinton]] and [[Fort Montgomery (Hudson River)|Fort Montgomery]] on either side of the Hudson and a [[Hudson River Chain|metal chain]] between the two. In 1777, Washington expected the British would attempt to control the Hudson River, however they instead conquered Philadelphia, and left a smaller force in New York City, with permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time. The British attacked on October 5, 1777, in the [[Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery]] by sailing up the Hudson River, looting the village of [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]] and capturing the two forts.<ref name="Battle of the Hudson Highlands"/> In 1778, the Continentals constructed the [[Hudson River Chain#The Great Chain (1778–1782)|Great West Point Chain]] in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson.<ref name="Great West Point Chain"/>

===Hudson River School===
{{main|Hudson River School}}
[[File:View of the Hudson River-Robert Havell Jr-1866.jpg|thumb|Robert Havell Jr., ''View of the Hudson River from Tarrytown'', {{Circa|1866}}]]
Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery, exploration, and settlement in America in the mid-19th century.<ref name="HRS"/> The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a [[pastoral]] setting. The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness, which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and [[sublimity]].<ref name="Pastoral"/> The school characterizes the artistic body, its New York location, its landscape subject matter, and often its subject, the Hudson River.<ref name="Met"/>

In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God,<ref name="God Nature Hudson River School"/> though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.<ref name="Europe"/> Their reverence for America's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].<ref name="Writers and Hudson River School"/> The artist [[Thomas Cole]] is generally acknowledged as the founder of the [[Hudson River School]],<ref name="otoole"/> his work first being reviewed in 1825,<ref name="hag"/> while painters [[Frederic Edwin Church]] and [[Albert Bierstadt]] were the most successful painters of the school.<ref name="Met"/>

===19th century===
[[File:Lock Number 11 Erie Canal, Amsterdam NY 2918 (4029379915).jpg|thumb|The [[Erie Canal]] in [[Amsterdam, New York]]]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult. Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time, as trains were still being developed and automobiles were roughly a century away. In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country's interior, numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s.<ref name="NYS Canals"/><ref name="Canal Era"/> One of the most significant canals of this era was the [[Erie Canal]]. The canal was built to link the Midwest to the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|Port of New York]], a significant seaport during that time, by way of the [[Great Lakes]], the canal, the [[Mohawk River]], and the Hudson River.<ref name="Canal Era"/>

The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West, allowing settlers to travel west, send goods to markets in frontier cities, and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City. The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation, surpassing the [[Port of Philadelphia]] and ports in [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Canal Era"/><ref name="Erie Canalway"/><ref name="NYS Canals Story"/> After the completion of the Erie Canal, smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system. The [[Champlain Canal]] was built to connect the Hudson River near [[Troy, New York|Troy]] to the southern end of Lake Champlain. This canal allowed boaters to travel from the [[St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence Seaway]], and then British cities such as [[Montreal]] to the Hudson River and New York City.<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/>
[[File:The_sloops_of_the_Hudson;_an_historical_sketch_of_the_packet_and_market_sloops_of_the_last_century,_with_a_record_of_their_names;_together_with_personal_reminiscences_of_certain_of_the_notable_North_(14768617432).jpg|alt=Image is of q painting of a Hudson River sloop on the water with the treed shoreline in the background|thumb|Hudson River sloop]]
Another major canal was the [[Oswego Canal]], which connected the Erie Canal to [[Oswego, New York|Oswego]] and [[Lake Ontario]], and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls.<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/> The [[Cayuga-Seneca Canal]] connected the Erie Canal to [[Cayuga Lake]] and [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]].<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/> Farther south, the [[Delaware and Hudson Canal]] was built between the [[Delaware River]] at [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania]], and the Hudson River at Kingston, New York. This canal enabled the transportation of coal, and later other goods as well, between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds.<ref name="HVG Delaware-Hudson Canal"/> The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation.<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/>

During the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States|Industrial Revolution]], the Hudson River became a major location for production, especially around Albany and Troy. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepise, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The [[North Tarrytown Assembly]] (later owned by [[General Motors]]), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport.<ref name="Industry"/>{{rp|pages=71–2}} With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport. In 1807, the ''[[North River Steamboat]]'' (later known as Clermont), became the first commercially successful steamboat. It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River.<ref name="Hunter1985"/>
[[File:View_on_the_Hudson_River._Hudson_R.R,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg|alt=Two men standing on the Hudson River shore with railroad tracks paralleling the shoreline and a mountain off in the distance|thumb|Stereoscopic views of the Hudson River Railroad and Hudson River]]
The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads. The [[Hudson River Railroad]] was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany. The line was built as an alternative to the [[New York and Harlem Railroad]] for travel to Albany, and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river. The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City.<ref name="HRR Journal"/> Further north, the [[Livingston Avenue Bridge]] was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the [[New York Central Railroad]], which goes west to [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]].<ref name="Livingston Ave"/><ref name="Livingston Bridge Archive"/> Smaller railroads existed north of this point.<ref name="Freight Rail smaller rail lines"/> On the west side of the Hudson River, the [[West Shore Railroad]] opened to run passenger service from [[Weehawken, New Jersey]] to Albany, and then Buffalo.<ref name="West Shore Railway"/> In 1889, the [[Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge]] opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river.<ref name="Walkway Timeline"/>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:George Washington Bridge from New Jersey-edit.jpg|thumb|The [[George Washington Bridge]] links [[Upper Manhattan]] and [[Fort Lee, New Jersey]]]]
Starting in the 20th century, the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met. This was especially important by New York City, as the river is fairly wide at that point. In 1927, the [[Holland Tunnel]] opened between New Jersey and [[Lower Manhattan]]. The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time, and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build-up of carbon monoxide.<ref name="NYC Crossings"/><ref name="Holland Tunnel"/> The original upper level of the [[George Washington Bridge]] and the first tube of the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] followed in the 1930s. Both crossings were later expanded to accommodate extra traffic: the Lincoln Tunnel in the 1940s and 1950s, and the George Washington Bridge in the 1960s.<ref name="PANYNJ"/> In 1955, the original [[Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017)|Tappan Zee Bridge]] was built over [[Tappan Zee|one of the widest parts of the river]], from [[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]] to [[Nyack, New York|Nyack]].<ref name="Old Tapppan Zee Bridge"/><ref name="Old and New Tappan Zee Bridge"/><ref name="Tarrytown to Nyack"/>

The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley. In 1993, [[IBM]] closed two of its plants, in [[East Fishkill, New York|East Fishkill]] and [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]], due to the company's loss of $16&nbsp;billion over the previous three years. The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984, and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort.<ref name="IBM"/> In 1996, the North Tarrytown plant of [[General Motors]] (GM) closed.<ref name="NT GM Plant closes"/> In response to the plant closures, towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies. IBM maintained a [[mainframe computer|mainframe]] unit at its Poughkeepsie plant, and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well. Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased.<ref name="IBM"/> Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant.<ref name="NT GM Plant closes"/>

[[File:Mid-Hudson balloon festival 14.JPG|thumb|left|The Hudson Valley Hot-Air Balloon Festival, 2009|alt=The 2009 Mid-Hudson balloon festival]]
[[File: US Airways Flight 1549 (N106US) after crashing into the Hudson River (crop 2).jpg|thumb|right| [[US Airways Flight 1549]] after landing on the waters of the Hudson River in January 2009]]

Around the time of the last factories' closing, environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed. For example, the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) ordered [[General Electric]] (GE), which had polluted a 200-mile stretch of the river, to remove [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]] from the site of its old factory in [[Hudson Falls, New York|Hudson Falls]], as well as to remove millions of cubic yards of contaminated sediment from the river bottom. EPA's cleanup order was issued pursuant to the agency's designation of the polluted segment of the river as a [[Superfund]] site.<ref name="EPA-hudson cleanup"/> Other conservation efforts also occurred, such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up.<ref name="AutoYG-3"/>

In conjunction with conservation efforts, the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization, especially in favor of green development. In 2009, the [[High Line]] was opened in the [[Chelsea (Manhattan)|Chelsea neighborhood]] of Manhattan. This linear park has views of the river throughout its length.<ref name="High Line National Geographic"/> Also in 2009, the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge, since abandoned, was converted into the [[Walkway Over the Hudson]], a pedestrian park over the river.<ref name="Walkway Timeline"/> Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region, waterfront parks in cities like Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and [[Beacon, New York|Beacon]] were built, and several festivals are held annually.<ref name="Hudson Valley revitalization"/>