Editing Hudson County, New Jersey (section)

===Urbanization and immigration===
[[Image:New York City Railroads ca 1900.png|[[Hudson Waterfront]], circa 1900|thumb]]

During the latter half of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries, Hudson experienced intense industrial, commercial and residential growth.<ref name="HCD" /><ref>Staff. [https://www.nytimes.com/1929/04/21/archives/industry-growing-in-hudson-county-more-than-25000000-being-spent-in.html "INDUSTRY GROWING IN HUDSON COUNTY; More Than $25,000,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=25000000|start_year=1929}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) Being Spent in Public and Corporate Improvements.INQUIRIES FOR GOOD SITES New Steamship Terminal Planned for North Bergen--Increase in Building. Improving Waterways. Expending $125,000,000"], (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=125000000|start_year=1929}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 21, 1929. Accessed September 30, 2013.</ref> Construction, first of ports, and later railroad terminals, in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], [[Bayonne, New Jersey|Bayonne]], [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], and [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]] (which significantly altered the shoreline with [[landfill]]) fueled much of the development. European immigration, notably German-language speakers and Irish (many fleeing famine) initiated a population boom that would last for several decades.

Neighborhoods grew as farms, estates, and other holdings were sub-divided for housing, civic and religious architecture. Streets (some with trolley lines) were laid out. [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] and [[Saint Peter's College, New Jersey|Saint Peter's University]] were established.

Before the opening, in 1910, of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]'s [[North River Tunnels]] under the Hudson, trains terminated on the west bank of the river, requiring passengers and cargo to travel by ferry or barge to New York. Transfer to the [[Hudson and Manhattan Railroad]] tubes (now [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]]) became possible upon its opening in 1908. [[Hoboken Terminal]], a national historic landmark originally built in 1907 by the [[Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad]] to replace the previous one, is the only one of five major rail/ferry terminals that once dotted the waterfront still in operation. [[West Shore Railroad]] Terminal in Weehawken, Erie Railroad's [[Pavonia Terminal]] and [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]'s Exchange Place in Jersey City were all razed.

[[Image:Ellis island 1902.jpg|thumb|Immigrants arriving at [[Ellis Island]], 1902]]

[[Central Railroad of New Jersey]]'s Communipaw Terminal, across a small strait from [[Ellis Island]] and the [[Statue of Liberty]], played a crucial role in the massive immigration of the period, with many newly arrived departing the station to embark on their lives in America. Many, though, decided to stay, taking jobs on the docks, the railroads, the factories, the refineries, and in the [[sweatshops]] and [[skyscrapers]] of Manhattan. Many manufacturers, whose names read as a "Who's Who" in American industry established a presence, including [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]], [[Dixon Ticonderoga]], [[Maxwell House]], [[Standard Oil]], and [[Bethlehem Steel]].

[[File:BergenlineThen&NowByLuigiNovi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|left|Bergenline Avenue in [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]], then and now: Facing south toward 32nd Street, circa 1900 (left), and in 2010 (right)]] 

[[North Hudson, New Jersey|North Hudson]], particularly Union City, became the [[Schiffli embroidery machine|schiffli]] "embroidery capital of America". The industry included businesses that provided embroidery machines and parts, fabrics, thread, embroidery designs, dying, chemical lace etching, and bleaching. There were hundreds of small shops, each with one or a few machines, producing a wide array of products. Finished embroidery supplied the garment and home goods industries.

Secaucus boasted numerous pig farms and rendering plants.
It was during this period that much of the housing stock, namely one and two family homes and low-rise apartment buildings, was built; municipal boundaries finalized, neighborhoods established. Commercial corridors such as [[Bergenline Avenue|Bergenline]], Central, Newark and Ocean Avenues came into prominence. [[Journal Square]] became a business, shopping, and entertainment mecca, home to ''[[The Jersey Journal]]'', after which it is named, and movie palaces such as [[Loew's Jersey Theater]] and [[Stanley Theater (Jersey City)|The Stanley]].
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