Editing Holocene (section)

=== South Asia ===
After 11,800 BP, and especially between 10,800 and 9,200 BP, [[Ladakh]] experienced tremendous moisture increase most likely related to the strengthening of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). From 9,200 to 6,900 BP, relative aridity persisted in Ladakh. A second major humid phase occurred in Ladakh from 6,900 to 4,800 BP, after which the region was again arid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Demske |first1=Dieter |last2=Tarasov |first2=Pavel E. |last3=Wünnemann |first3=Bernd |last4=Riedel |first4=Frank |date=15 August 2009 |title=Late glacial and Holocene vegetation, Indian monsoon and westerly circulation in the Trans-Himalaya recorded in the lacustrine pollen sequence from Tso Kar, Ladakh, NW India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018209001928 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=279 |issue=3–4 |pages=172–185 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.008 |bibcode=2009PPP...279..172D |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>

From 900 to 1,200 AD, during the MWP, the ISM was again strong as evidenced by low δ<sup>18</sup>O values from the Ganga Plain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Dhruv Sen |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Sangode |first3=S. J. |last4=Clemens |first4=Steven C. |last5=Prakasam |first5=M. |last6=Srivastava |first6=Priyeshu |last7=Prajapati |first7=Shailendra K. |date=12 June 2015 |title=Multiproxy record of monsoon variability from the Ganga Plain during 400–1200 A.D. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215001470 |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |series=Updated Quaternary Climatic Research in parts of the Third Pole Selected papers from the HOPE-2013 conference, Nainital, India |volume=371 |pages=157–163 |bibcode=2015QuInt.371..157S |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.040 |issn=1040-6182 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>

The sediments of [[Lonar Lake]] in [[Maharashtra]] record dry conditions around 11,400 BP that transitioned into a much wetter climate from 11,400 to 11,100 BP due to intensification of the ISM. Over the Early Holocene, the region was very wet, but during the Middle Holocene from 6,200 to 3,900 BP, aridification occurred, with the subsequent Late Holocene being relatively arid as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menzel |first1=Philip |last2=Gaye |first2=Birgit |last3=Mishra |first3=Praveen K. |last4=Anoop |first4=Ambili |last5=Basavaiah |first5=Nathani |last6=Marwan |first6=Norbert |last7=Plessen |first7=Birgit |last8=Prasad |first8=Sushma |last9=Riedel |first9=Nils |last10=Stebich |first10=Martina |last11=Wiesner |first11=Martin G. |date=15 September 2014 |title=Linking Holocene drying trends from Lonar Lake in monsoonal central India to North Atlantic cooling events |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018214003009 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=410 |pages=164–178 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.044 |bibcode=2014PPP...410..164M |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

Coastal southwestern India experienced a stronger ISM from 9,690 to 7,560 BP, during the HCO. From 3,510 to 2,550 BP, during the Late Holocene, the ISM became weaker, although this weakening was interrupted by an interval of unusually high ISM strength from 3,400 to 3,200 BP.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shaji |first1=Jithu |last2=Banerji |first2=Upasana S. |last3=Maya |first3=K. |last4=Joshi |first4=Kumar Batuk |last5=Dabhi |first5=Ankur J. |last6=Bharti |first6=Nisha |last7=Bhushan |first7=Ravi |last8=Padmalal |first8=D. |date=30 December 2022 |title=Holocene monsoon and sea-level variability from coastal lowlands of Kerala, SW India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061822200074X |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |language=en |volume=642 |pages=48–62 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.005 |bibcode=2022QuInt.642...48S |s2cid=247553867 |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref>