Editing History of Uzbekistan (section)

==Uzbek period==
{{See also|Uzbek Khanate|Khanate of Bukhara|Khanate of Khiva|Khanate of Kokand|Emirate of Bukhara}}[[File:Registan square Samarkand.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Registan]] and its three [[madrasa]]hs. From left to right: Ulugh Beg Madrasah, Tilya-Kori Madrasah and Sher-Dor Madrasah, Samarkand, and Uzbekistan.]]
[[File:Bujará, Chor Minor 1.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Chor Minor]] madrasa, Bukhara, 1807]]
By 1510 the Uzbeks had completed their conquest of Central Asia, including the territory of the present-day Uzbekistan. Of the states they established, the most powerful, the [[Khanate of Bukhoro|Khanate of Bukhara]], centered on the city of Bukhara. The khanate controlled Mawarannahr, especially the region of [[Tashkent]], the [[Fergana Valley]] in the east, and northern Afghanistan. 

A second Uzbek state, the [[Khanate of Khiva]] was established in the oasis of [[Khorazm]] at the mouth of the Amu Darya in 1512. 

The Khanate of Bukhara was initially led by the energetic [[Shaybanid Dynasty]]. The Shaybanids competed against Iran, which was led by the [[Safavid dynasty]], for the rich far-eastern territory of present-day Iran. The struggle with Iran also had a religious aspect because the Uzbeks were [[Sunni]] Muslims, and Iran was [[Shia]].<ref name="up">Lubin, Nancy. "Uzbek period". In Curtis.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2014}}.

Near the end of the sixteenth century, the Uzbek states of [[Bukhara]] and [[Khorazm]] began to weaken because of their endless wars against each other and the Persians and because of strong competition for the throne among the khans in power and their heirs. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Shaybanid Dynasty was replaced by the [[Khanate of Bukhara#Janid Dynasty|Janid Dynasty]].<ref name=up/>

Another factor contributing to the weakness of the Uzbek khanates in this period was the general decline of trade moving through the region. This change had begun in the previous century when ocean trade routes were established from Europe to India and China, circumventing the Silk Route. As European-dominated ocean transport expanded and some trading centers were destroyed, cities such as Bukhara, [[Merv]], and Samarqand in the Khanate of Bukhara and [[Khiva]] and [[Urganch]] (Urgench) in Khorazm began to steadily decline.<ref name=up/>

The Uzbeks' struggle with Iran also led to the cultural isolation of Central Asia from the rest of the Islamic world. In addition to these problems, the struggle with the nomads from the northern steppe continued. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] nomads and Mongols continually raided the Uzbek khanates, causing widespread damage and disrupt. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Khanate of Bukhara lost the fertile Fergana region, and a [[Khanate of Kokand|new Uzbek khanate]] was formed in [[Quqon]].<ref name=up/>
[[File:Nova Maris Caspii et regionis Usbeck cum provincijs adjacentibus vera delineatio in qua itinera regia et alia notabiliora accurate denotantur - per A. Maas - btv1b53102860p.jpg|thumb|302x302px|Map of [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] states in 1735]]
In the sixteenth century, the Uzbeks established two strong rival [[khanates]], [[Khanate of Bukhoro|Bukhara]] and [[Khanate of Khorazm|Khorazm]]. In this period, the [[Silk Road]] cities began to decline as ocean trade flourished. The khanates were isolated by wars with Iran and weakened by attacks from northern nomads. Between 1729 and 1741 all the Khanates were made into vassals by [[Nader Shah]] of Persia. In the early nineteenth century, three Uzbek khanates—Bukhara, [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva]], and [[Khanate of Quqon|Quqon]] (Kokand)—had a brief period of recovery. However, in the mid-nineteenth century [[Russia]], attracted to the region's commercial potential and especially to its [[cotton]], began the full military conquest of Central Asia. By 1876 Russia had incorporated all three khanates (hence all of present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) into its empire, granting the khanates limited autonomy. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Russian population of Uzbekistan grew and some industrialization occurred.<ref name=cp/>