Editing History of San Marino (section)

==19th century==
The [[Congress of Vienna]] ratified San Marino's independence in 1815.

In 1825 and 1853, new attempts to submit it to the [[Papal States]] failed.

The sympathy of Republicanist advocates inside the Italian "Risorgimento" movement, the hospitality and asylum granted to unionist supporters and a general disinterest, played again in favour of Sammarinese independence. The most notorious event was covering [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s retreat with 250 followers towards Venice after the fall of the [[Roman Republic (1849)|1849 Roman Republic]].

Although faced with many hardships (with his wife Anita who was carrying their fifth child dying near [[Comacchio]] before they could reach the refuge), the hospitality received by Giuseppe in San Marino would later prove to be a shaping influence on Giuseppe's diplomatic manner, presaging the themes and similar language used in his political correspondences such as his letter to [[Joseph Cowen]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105477655|title = A Garibaldi Letter| work = The Daily Herald|location = Adelaide, Australia|date = 30 December 1914 |page = 8|via = National Library of Australia}}</ref> Garibaldi promised to honor San Marino's desire not to be included in the Italian unification, and pressured king Victor Emmanuel II to call off a planned annexation of San Marino in 1860.

In the spring of 1861, shortly before the beginning of the [[American Civil War]], the government of San Marino wrote a letter to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] in "perfect Italian on one side, and imperfect but clear English on the other";<ref name=Lincoln>{{cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/from-san-marino-with-love |title=From San Marino, With Love |date=28 March 2011|access-date=2011-03-28|work= The New York Times|first1=Don H.|last1=Doyle}}</ref> this proposing an "alliance" between the two democratic nations and offering the President honorary San Marino citizenship. Lincoln accepted the offer, writing in reply with his [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]], [[William H. Seward]] that San Marino proved that "government founded on republican principles is capable of being so administered as to be secure and enduring."<ref>{{cite book|first1 = Amy |last1=Wallace|first2= David|last2= Wallechinsky|first3= Irving |last3 = Wallace|author3-link =Irving Wallace|title = The People's almanac presents the book of lists #3 |isbn = 0688016472|date = 1983|publisher = Morrow|location = New York}}</ref> Presaging a theme he would bring to the fore, using similar language, in his [[Gettysburg Address]] in 1863, Lincoln wrote:  "You have kindly adverted to the trial through which this Republic is now passing. It is one of deep import. It involves the question whether a Representative republic, extended and aggrandized so much as to be safe against foreign enemies can save itself from the dangers of domestic faction. I have faith in a good result...."<ref name=Lincoln />

After the unification of the [[Kingdom of Italy]] a treaty in 1862 confirmed San Marino's independence, later revised in 1872.<ref>{{Cite web|title=San Marino {{!}} Geography, History, Capital, & Language|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/San-Marino-republic-Europe|access-date=2021-07-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

Towards the end of the 19th century, San Marino experienced economic depression: a large increase in the birth rate coupled with a widening of the gap between agricultural and industrial development led people to seek their fortunes in more industrialised countries.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The Sammarinese first sought seasonal employment in Tuscany, Rome, Genoa and Trieste, but in the latter half of the century whole families were uprooted, with the first permanent migrations to the Americas (United States, Argentina and Uruguay) and to Greece, Germany and Austria.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} This phenomenon lasted up to the 1970s, with a pause during the First World War and an increase during the Fascist period in Italy. Even today there are still large concentrations of San Marino citizens residing in foreign countries, above all, in the United States, in France and in Argentina. There are more than 15,000 San Marino citizens spread throughout the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanmarinosite.com/eng/emigrazione.html |title=Early 1900s, the Arengo of 1906, San Marino emigration |publisher=Sanmarinosite.com |date=1906-03-25 |access-date=2014-05-24}}</ref>