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===Machine politics=== [[Christopher Magee (politician)|Christopher Magee]] and [[William Flinn]] operated powerful Republican machines that controlled local politics after 1880. They were business owners and favored business interests. Flinn was a leader of the [[Progressive Era|Progressive movement statewide]] and supported [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in the 1912 election.<ref>Eugene Kaufman, "A Pittsburgh Political Battle Royal of A Half Century Ago." ''Western Pennsylvania History'' (1952): 79β84. [https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/download/2409/2242 online] on the machine's defeat in 1900-1903.</ref>
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