Editing History of Peru (section)

===Beginnings of the Republic (1824–1836)===
{{main|History of Peru (1821–1842)}}
After the [[Battle of Ayacucho]], Spanish General [[José de Canterac]] signed the final capitulation of the [[Royalist (Spanish American independence)|Royalist Army]] in Peru. Despite the Spanish capitulation, [[Peru–Spain relations|relations]] between both states would not be established until 1879.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relación político-diplomática |url=http://www.embajadaperu.es/la-relacion-bilateral/relacion-politico-diplomatica.html |website=Embajada del Perú en España |date=23 March 2023 |language=es}}</ref> During this era, the '''First Militarism''' ({{langx|es|Primer Militarismo}}), a period where several military figures held control of the country, started in 1827, with [[José de La Mar]]'s presidency.

====Spanish resistance====
By the time the capitulation had been signed, the royalist forces in Peru occupied the southern provinces, slowly surrendering to the rebels. Despite the apparent end of the successful [[Patriot Governments (Spanish American independence)|patriot]] campaigns, two Spanish figures refused to accept the capitulation and established themselves in [[Callao]] and [[Upper Peru]]: [[José Ramón Rodil]] and [[Pedro Antonio Olañeta]], respectively. Additionally, a [[Iquicha|resistance]] in Ayacucho led by [[Antonio Huachaca]] would remain until its dissolution in 1839.

Olañeta, who established himself in [[Potosí]], soon became the focus of a [[Campaign of Sucre in Upper Peru|campaign]] commanded by [[Antonio José de Sucre]]. The campaign began in January and ended in April 1825, with the [[battle of Tumusla]] of April 1, where Olañeta was fatally wounded after being shot and died the day after.

Rodil, on the other hand, established himself in the [[Real Felipe Fortress]] of the port of Callao, near [[Lima]], expecting Spanish reinforcements that would never come. The capital city itself had been retaken by Royalist troops until the arrival of reinforcements for the Patriot side. This led to Rodil's forces being [[Second siege of Callao|besieged]] from December 5, 1824, to January 23, 1826, and becoming the final Spanish stronghold in South America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/4574/jose-ramon-rodil-y-galloso|title=José Ramón Rodil y Galloso|website=[[Real Academia de la Historia]]}}</ref> The deteriorating conditions of the besieged fortress eventually led to the surrender of Rodil and his forces due to their inability to continue the siege alive.

====Bolivarian era====
[[Simón Bolívar]], who became dictator of Peru on January 17, 1824, notified the [[Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822|Constituent Congress]] of his resignation of his office, which was not accepted, instead being extended until 1827. During this time, he travelled to southern and Upper Peru, and the final [[Flag of Peru|flag]] and [[coat of arms of Peru]] was established on February 25, 1825, the latter designed by {{ill|José Gregorio Paredes|es|José Gregorio Paredes}}.

Upper Peru, whose public opinion was split between joining Peru or the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces]], soon saw a new train of thought establish itself, which suggested that the region become an independent state. Soon, the [[State of Upper Peru]] was established as an independent state, later becoming [[Bolivia]]. Bolívar was in charge of the constitution, as well as [[Constitution of Peru (1826)|Peru's]] and later [[Gran Colombia|Colombia's]]. The similarities between the constitutions was related to his desire to establish a federation in America, which led to the [[Congress of Panama]] and later the anti-Bolivarian sentiment that led to him leaving Peru on September 3, 1826. A year later, the Constituent Congress was dissolved.

====Conflict with Bolivia and Colombia====
[[José de La Mar]] became president of Peru on August 22, 1827, having been chosen by the new Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=José de La Mar Cortázar |url=https://adonde.com/historia/1822pres_lamar.htm |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=adonde.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-08 |title=José de La Mar (periodo: 1827 – 1829) |url=https://historiadelperu.info/presidentes-del-peru/jose-de-la-mar/ |access-date=2022-12-01 |language=es}}</ref> Under his presidency, Peru went to war with Bolivia and Colombia due to the perceived disadvantage that Peru saw itself in due to being surrounded by Bolivarian countries.

A Peruvian [[1828 Peruvian–Bolivian War|invasion of Bolivia]] headed by [[Agustín Gamarra]] began on May 1, 1828.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-05 |title=Intervención peruana en Bolivia (primera invasión peruana - 1828) |url=https://www.ibolivia.org/intervencion-peruana-en-bolivia-1828 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=Portal iBolivia |language=es}}</ref> The Peruvian Army soon occupied the Bolivian [[La Paz Department (Bolivia)|department of La Paz]], established a [[Republic of Alto Perú|pro-Peruvian government]] and successfully deported the Colombian troops stationed in the country via ships paid by Bolivia that departed from the Peruvian port of [[Arica]].

The events in Bolivia led to [[Gran Colombia–Peru War|war between Peru and Colombia]], which ended with the [[Battle of Tarqui]] on February 27, 1829, after which an armistice was signed. The breach of the armistice almost led to a continuation of the war, an event that was prevented by the political instability in Peru that led to the deposition of La Mar by [[Agustín Gamarra]], who signed [[Treaty of Guayaquil|a peace treaty]] with Colombia.

====Later instability====
A [[Peruvian Civil War of 1834|civil war]] broke out in 1834, by revolutionaries who opposed Orbegoso as a successor of Gamarra. Orbegoso proved popular with the population, and the revolution was eventually repressed, with Orbegoso, who had established himself in the Real Felipe Fortress, returning to Lima on May 3, 1834.

Desires to unite the regions of lower and upper Peru eventually led to the [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War]], which itself led to the establishment of the [[Republic of South Peru]] on March 17, 1836, and the [[Republic of North Peru]] on August 11, 1836, with [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] appointing himself the Supreme Protector of both states. The establishment of these states later ended with the establishment of the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]].

====Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)====
[[File:Confederacion Perú Boliviana cronologia.png|thumb|right|275px|Dissolution of Peru-Bolivia:
{{Legend|#C00000|[[Peru–Bolivian Confederation|Peru-Bolivia]]}}
{{Legend|#0000FE|Controlled by the [[United Restoration Army]]}}
{{Legend|#FCC300|[[Peruvian Republic (1837)|First Provisional Government of Peru]]}}
{{Legend|#1dacd6|[[Peruvian Republic (1838-1839)|Northern Peruvian Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#FFFF00|[[Agustín Gamarra#Second presidency and invasion of Bolivia|Second Provisional Government of Peru]]}}
{{Legend|#800080|[[José Miguel de Velasco|Provisional Government of Bolivia]]}}
{{Legend|#E65F00|New [[Peru]]vian State}}
{{Legend|#006400|New [[Bolivia]]n State}}
{{Legend|#000000|Controlled by the United Restoration Army during the ''[[#Restoration (1839–1841)|restoration]]''}}
{{legend-line|solid 2px #000000;|''[[De facto]]'' borders after the dissolution}}
{{Legend|#FE0000|Disputed between [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation|Peru-Bolivia]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]}}
{{Legend|#0BDA51|Disputed between [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]}}]]
{{main|Peru-Bolivian Confederation}}
The establishment of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation soon led to war, as Peruvian exiles, as well as neighboring [[Chile]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]] opposed the existence of the state.

Peruvian opposition manifested itself in the [[War of the Confederation]], which included the secession of [[Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)|North Peru]], whose president, Luis de Orbegoso, established the [[Restoration Army of Peru]] that was defeated at the [[Battle of Portada de Guías|Battle of Guías]]; and the establishment by Peruvian exiles in Chile of the [[United Restoration Army]], which fought against the confederation until its defeat in the [[Battle of Yungay]], which led to its dissolution.

The conflict against the confederation also saw a southern theater, known as the [[War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation|War of Tarija]], which was the conflict between Argentina and the Confederation over the territory of [[Tarija Department|Tarija]]. Argentina annexed the territory as a result of the war, later being returned to Bolivia in March 1839.

In addition to the conflict in Tarija, the conflict also began the [[Iquicha War of 1839|Second Iquicha War]], which led to the disestablishment of the royalist autonomy—that had seen [[Iquicha War of 1825–1828|conflict]] a decade earlier—led by Huachaca, who fled to the [[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]] jungle, choosing to remain there while denouncing the republicans as the "antichrists".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-caudillo-indigena-enfrento-anticristos-independentistas-america-grito-viva-espana-201904040145_noticia.html|title=El caudillo indígena que se enfrentó a los 'anticristos' independentistas de América al grito de '¡Viva España!'|date=2015-04-04|website=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC.es]]|last=Cervera|first=César}}</ref>