Editing History of Guinea (section)

===Conté's death and the 2008 coup d'état===
In a [[1984 Guinean coup d'état|coup d'état]] several days following [[Ahmed Sékou Touré|Touré's]] death, [[Lansana Conté]] became the President. The constitution and parliament were suspended and a committee for national recovery was established. Conté remained in power until his death on 22 December 2008.<ref>
{{cite news
| last = McGreal
| first = Chris
| title = Lansana Conté profile: Death of an African 'Big Man'
| work = The Guardian
| location = London
| date = 23 December 2008
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130905092810/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/lansana-conte-profile
| archive-date = 2013-09-05
| url-status = live
}}
</ref>

In several hours following his death, [[Moussa Dadis Camara]] [[2008 Guinean coup d'état|seized control]] of Guinea as the head of a [[Military junta|junta]].<ref>
{{cite news
| last = Walker
| first = Peter
| title = Army steps in after Guinea president Lansana Conté dies
| work = The Guardian
| location = London
| date = 23 December 2008
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/23/guinea-dictator-lansana-conte-dies
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090826134854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/23/guinea-dictator-lansana-conte-dies
| archive-date = 2009-08-26
| url-status = live
}}
</ref> On 28 September 2009, the junta ordered its soldiers to attack people who had gathered to protest Camara's presumed candidacy in the upcoming presidential elections.<ref>
{{cite news | title = Guinea massacre toll put at 157 | publisher = BBC | date = 29 September 2009 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm | access-date = 23 December 2009 | location = London | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091002232605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm | archive-date = 2009-10-02 | url-status = live }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|title=Guinea: September 28 Massacre Was Premeditated|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/27/guinea-september-28-massacre-was-premeditated|website=HRW|date=October 27, 2009|access-date=2017-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911154922/https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/27/guinea-september-28-massacre-was-premeditated|archive-date=2017-09-11|url-status=live}}
</ref> The soldiers went on a rampage of rape, mutilation, and murder.<ref name = "NYT">
{{cite news
| last = MacFarquhar
| first = Neil
| title = U.N. Panel Calls for Court in Guinea Massacre
| work = The New York Times
| date = 21 December 2009
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html
| access-date = 23 December 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511215744/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/22/world/africa/22guinea.html
| archive-date = 2011-05-11
| url-status = live
}}
</ref>

On 3 December 2009, an aide shot Camara during a dispute about the rampage of September 2009. Camara went to Morocco for medical care.<ref name = "NYT"/><ref>{{cite web
 |title       = Guinean soldiers look for ruler's dangerous rival
 |publisher   = malaysianews.net
 |date        = 5 December 2009
 |url         = http://www.malaysianews.net/story/573838
 |access-date  = 23 December 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723202201/http://www.malaysianews.net/story/573838
 |archive-date = 23 July 2011
}}</ref> Vice-president (and defense minister) [[Sékouba Konaté]] flew back from [[Lebanon]] to run the country in Camara's absence.<ref>
[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/16/content_12658142.htm Guinea's presidential guard explains assassination motive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910102918/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/16/content_12658142.htm |date=2013-09-10 }} . [[Xinhua]]. 16 December 2009.
</ref>

On 12 January 2010 Camara was flown from Morocco to [[Burkina Faso]].<ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100112/ap_on_re_af/af_burkina_faso_guinea_leader |title=Brahima Ouedraogo, "Guinea leader arrives in Burkina Faso", Associated Press/Yahoo News (12 January 2009) |access-date=2017-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116150546/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100112/ap_on_re_af/af_burkina_faso_guinea_leader |archive-date=2010-01-16 |url-status=live }} 
</ref> After meeting in [[Ouagadougou]] on 13 and 14 January, Camara, Konaté and [[Blaise Compaoré]], President of Burkina Faso, produced a formal statement of twelve principles promising a return of Guinea to civilian rule within six months. It was agreed that the military would not contest the forthcoming elections, and Camara would continue his convalescence outside Guinea.<ref>{{cite book |author=celine says |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBazDwAAQBAJ&dq=After+meeting+in+Ouagadougou+on+13+and+14+January%2C+Camara%2C+Konat%C3%A9+and+Blaise+Compaor%C3%A9%2C+President+of+Burkina+Faso%2C+produced+a+formal+statement+of+twelve+principles+promising+a+return+of+Guinea+to+civilian+rule+within+six+months.+It+was+agreed+that+the+military+would+not+contest+the+forthcoming+elections%2C+and+Camara+would+continue+his+convalescence+outside+Guinea&pg=PA177 |title="In Full: Declaration Made in Burkina Faso Between Dadis Camara and Sekouba Konate", ''Newstime Africa'' (16 January 2010) | date=30 September 2019 |publisher=Youth and the State in Guinea: Meandering Lives | isbn=978-3-8394-4570-9 |access-date=28 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118234046/http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/10414 |archive-date=18 January 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 21 January 2010 the military junta appointed [[Jean-Marie Doré]] as Prime Minister of a six-month transition government, leading up to elections.<ref>
[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE60K1L120100121?type=marketsNews "Guinea junta officially names Dore prime minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522201945/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE60K1L120100121?type=marketsNews |date=2010-05-22 }}, Reuters, 21 January 2010.
</ref>

The presidential election was set to take place on 27 June and 18 July 2010,<ref>
[http://www.afrol.com/articles/35415 afrol News – Election date for Guinea proposed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729195210/http://afrol.com/articles/35415 |date=2014-07-29 }}. Afrol.com. Retrieved on 28 June 2011.
</ref><ref name=transitional>
[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/16/content_12820272.htm Guinea to hold presidential elections in six months _English_Xinhua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910075348/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/16/content_12820272.htm |date=2013-09-10 }} . News.xinhuanet.com (16 January 2010). Retrieved on 28 June 2011.
</ref> it was held as being the first free and fair election since independence in 1958.
The first round took place normally on 27 June 2010 with ex Prime Minister [[Cellou Dalein Diallo]] and his rival [[Alpha Condé]] emerging as the two runners-up for the second round.<ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10499343 | work=BBC News | title=Guinea election goes to run-off as Diallo falls short | date=3 July 2010 | access-date=2018-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914205958/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10499343 | archive-date=2013-09-14 | url-status=live }}
</ref>
However, due to allegations of electoral fraud, the second round of the election was postponed until 19 September 2010.<ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10920366 | work=BBC News | title=Guinea sets date for presidential run-off vote | date=9 August 2010 | access-date=2018-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127043659/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10920366 | archive-date=2018-11-27 | url-status=live }}
</ref> A delay until 10 October was announced by the electoral commission (CENI), subject to approval by [[Sékouba Konaté]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68L5RX20100922 Saliou Samb, "Guinea election body proposes 10 October run-off", ''Reuters'' (20 September 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915172432/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68L5RX20100922 |date=15 September 2021 }}. Reuters.com. Retrieved on 28 June 2011.</ref> Yet another delay until 24 October was announced in early October.<ref>
[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/201010521331725239.html "Guinea run-off election date set", ''Al Jazeera'' (5 October 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110158/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/10/201010521331725239.html |date=2011-05-13 }}. English.aljazeera.net (5 October 2010). Retrieved on 28 June 2011.
</ref> Elections were finally held on 7 November. Voter turnout was high, and the elections went relatively smoothly.<ref>
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11705147 "Guinea sees big turnout in presidential run-off poll", ''BBC'' (7 November 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031162511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11705147 |date=2018-10-31 }}. Bbc.co.uk (7 November 2010). Retrieved on 28 June 2011.
</ref>

16 November 2010, [[Alpha Condé]], the leader of the opposition party [[Rally of the Guinean People]] (RGP), was officially declared the winner of a 7 November run-off in Guinea's presidential election. He had promised to reform the security sector and review mining contracts if elected.<ref>
[http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/conde-declared-victorious-in-guinea-1.831341 Conde declared victorious in Guinea – Africa | IOL News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919135917/http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/conde-declared-victorious-in-guinea-1.831341 |date=2014-09-19 }}. IOL.co.za (16 November 2010). Retrieved on 28 June 2011.
</ref>

On the night of 18 July 2011, President Condé's residence was attacked in an attempted coup. The attack included a fierce firefight and rocket propelled grenades. The president was unharmed.<ref>
[http://allafrica.com/stories/201107190453.html Guinea: Conde's Residence Hit By Rocket Fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085900/http://allafrica.com/stories/201107190453.html |date=2012-10-20 }}. allAfrica.com (19 July 2011)..
</ref> Sixteen people have been charged with the attempted assassination. Most of those indicted are close associates of Konaté.<ref>
Jean, Tamba. (5 August 2011) [http://allafrica.com/stories/201108050223.html Guinea: 16 Charged With Assassination Attempt On Leader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020120825/http://allafrica.com/stories/201108050223.html |date=2012-10-20 }}. allAfrica.com..
</ref>

The [[National Assembly of Guinea]], the country's legislative body, has not met since 2008 when it was dissolved after the military coup in December. [[Guinean legislative election, 2012|Elections]] have been postponed many times since 2007 and, most recently, were scheduled for 8 July 2012. In April 2012, President Condé postponed the elections indefinitely, citing the need to ensure that they were "transparent and democratic".<ref>{{cite web|title=Guinea president postpones parliamentary elections indefinitely |url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/guinea-president-postpones-parliamentary-elections-indefinitely |publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide |access-date=22 August 2012 |author=RNW Africa Desk |date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430121146/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/guinea-president-postpones-parliamentary-elections-indefinitely |archive-date=30 April 2012 }}</ref>

In February 2013, a plane carrying the head of the Guinean armed forces, General Kelefa Diallo, and nine other military officials, crashed on its way to the Liberian capital, [[Monrovia]].<ref>{{Citation
| url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201302120594.html?viewall=1
| title = Guinea: Tragedy Hits Guinea; Liberia Mourns Plane Crash – Claims 11 Lives, Sirleaf Declares Holiday
| year = 2013
| publisher = [[AllAfrica.com]]
| location = [[Africa]]
}}</ref>

====2013 protests====
{{Main|2013 Guinea clashes}}

The opposition coalition withdrew from the electoral process in mid-February, mainly due to President Conde's insistence on using a suspicious South African firm [[Waymark Infotech]] to draw up the registered voter list.<ref name="Reuters">
{{cite news| title= Security forces break up Guinea opposition funeral march| work= Reuters| url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-guinea-clashes-idUKBRE92714Z20130308| date= 8 March 2013| access-date= 2013-03-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130424162533/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/03/08/uk-guinea-clashes-idUKBRE92714Z20130308| archive-date= 2013-04-24| url-status= dead}}
</ref><ref name=SAL>{{cite news|title=Guinea electoral body appoints South African firm |author=Salon |work=Salon |url=http://www.salon.com/2013/02/15/guinea_electoral_body_appoints_south_african_firm/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411185504/http://www.salon.com/2013/02/15/guinea_electoral_body_appoints_south_african_firm/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |date=15 February 2013 }}</ref> In late February 2013, [[2013 Guinea Violence|political violence erupted in Guinea]] after protesters took to the streets to voice their concerns over the transparency of the upcoming May 2013 elections. The demonstrations were fueled by the opposition coalition's decision to step down from the electoral process in protest at the lack of transparency in the preparations for elections.<ref name=Rone>
{{cite news | title=Guinea opposition pulls out of legislative elections process | agency=Reuters | work=Reuters | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-elections-opposition-idUSL6N0BO39F20130224 | date=24 February 2013 | access-date=2017-07-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123142620/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/24/guinea-elections-opposition-idUSL6N0BO39F20130224 | archive-date=2015-11-23 | url-status=live }}
</ref>

Nine people were killed during the protests, while around 220 were injured, and many of the deaths and injuries were caused by security forces using live fire on protesters.<ref name="Reuters"/><ref name=Rtwo>
{{cite news | title=Two more killed in Guinea as protests spread | author=Daniel Flynn | work=Reuters | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/guinea-clashes-idUSL6N0BXK3S20130305 | date=5 March 2013 | access-date=2017-07-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123183111/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/05/guinea-clashes-idUSL6N0BXK3S20130305 | archive-date=2015-11-23 | url-status=live }}
</ref> The political violence also led to inter-ethnic clashes between the [[Fula people|Fula]] and [[Malinke]] peoples, the latter forming the base of support for President Condé, with the former consisting mainly of the opposition.<ref>
{{cite web | title=Ethnic Clashes Erupt in Guinea Capital | agency=Reuters | publisher=Voice of America | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ethnic-clashes-erupt-in-guinea-capital-reuters/1613697.html | date=1 March 2013 | access-date=2014-06-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000521/http://www.voanews.com/content/ethnic-clashes-erupt-in-guinea-capital-reuters/1613697.html | archive-date=2013-12-31 | url-status=live }}
</ref>
On 26 March 2013 the opposition party backed out of the negotiation with the government over the upcoming 12 May election. The opposition claimed that the government has not respected them, and have not kept any promises they agreed to. This is expected to lead to more protests and fighting in the streets of Guinea.<ref>
{{cite news| title=Guinea election talks fail, opposition threatens protests| author=Bate Felix| work=Reuters| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P11320130326| date=26 March 2013| access-date=2017-07-01| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180316/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/26/us-guinea-election-idUSBRE92P11320130326| archive-date=2015-09-24| url-status=live}}
</ref>