Editing History of Bahrain (section)

==Portuguese rule==
{{Main|Portuguese Empire}}
[[File:Portuguese Fort Bahrain 1870.jpg|thumb|The [[Bahrain Fort|Portuguese Fort]] in 1870.]]
The Arab navigator, [[Ahmad Bin Majid]], visited Bahrain in 1489 prior to the Portuguese' arrival in the region and gave an account of the country: "In Awal (Bahrain) there are 360 villages and fresh water can be found in a number of places. A most wonderful al-Qasasir, where a man can dive into the salt sea with a skin and can fill it with fresh water while he is submerged in the salt water. Around Bahrain are pearl fisheries and a number of islands all of which have pearl fisheries and connected with this trade are 1,000 ships" (Majid, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese. Trans. G.R. Tibbetts. The Royal Asisatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1981. page 222).

[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese expansion]] into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century followed [[Vasco da Gama]]'s voyages of exploration in which the Portuguese battled the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] up the coast of the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese, drawn in by the lucrative trade routes of the Gulf, sought control of the strategic [[Ormus]] region before setting its sights on Bahrain. Portuguese ships first entered the Gulf in 1485, the first reputed Portuguese traveller to visit Bahrain was [[Duarte Barbosa]]. After the Kingdom of Hormuz fell in 1507, Hormuz' political control of Bahrain was lost after the island fell to the princes of [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]]. A combined Portuguese-Hormuz force led by [[Portuguese invasion of Bahrain|António Correia conquered Bahrain in 1521]] only to briefly lose it to the princes of Al-Hasa the same year. In response, the Portuguese sent another expedition to Bahrain and the Arabian coast and subdued the Al-Hasa attempts to regain power.<ref name="Larsen pg 68">{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=Curtis E.|title=Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC|year=1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46906-5|page=68}}</ref>

The Portuguese later consolidated their position of the island by reconstructing the [[Qal'at al Bahrain]] fortress, which was to serve as the base for the Portuguese garrison.<ref name="Larsen pg 69">{{cite book|last=Larsen|first=Curtis E.|title=Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q65mRSPPU6UC|year=1983|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46906-5|page=69}}</ref> It is believed that the Portuguese ruled the islands via [[indirect rule]],<ref name=Melis/> with some force, against the inhabitants for eighty years, despite incurring several revolts and protests (one of which resulted in temporary independence in 1534).<ref name="Larsen pg 68"/> Such a revolt was the rebellion of 1529 saw the deployment of a 400-man Portuguese force sent to subdue the island.<ref name=Melis>{{cite web|last=Melis|first=Nicola|title=The importance of Hormuz for Luso-Ottoman Gulf-centred policies in the 16th century Some observations based on contemporary sources|url=http://www.nicolamelis.org/documenti/Melis%20-The%20importance_of_Hormuz_for_Luso-Ottoman.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nicolamelis.org/documenti/Melis%20-The%20importance_of_Hormuz_for_Luso-Ottoman.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=25 August 2013}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Except for a brief period in 1559 when the [[Siege of Bahrain|governor of the Ottoman province of Al-Hasa tried to occupy the islands]] but were repelled,<ref>According to the [https://books.google.com/books?id=j15MBH-FIwkC&pg=PA332 Cambridge History of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215144229/https://books.google.com/books?id=j15MBH-FIwkC&lpg=PA332&pg=PA332 |date=15 December 2022 }}, it conflictingly states that the Ottomans conquered Bahrain in 1554, contradicting other sources.</ref><ref name="Bashir 4">{{cite web|last1=Bashir|first1=Sani Ali|title=A study of Al-Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783–1820|url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1463879906969~482|publisher=McGill University|access-date=23 May 2016|pages=4|format=Thesis|date=1981}}</ref> the Portuguese remained in control until they were driven out of the island in 1602, when a popular uprising led by Rukn ed-Din took control of the Bahrain Fort. The uprising was sparked by the governor's order of the execution of the island's richest traders. Portuguese attempts to retake Bahrain were thwarted due to aid from the prince of [[Shiraz]].<ref name="Larsen pg 68"/> The uprising coincided with regional disputes between the Portuguese and rival European powers. The power vacuum that resulted was almost immediately filled by the Persian ruler, [[Shah Abbas I]], who deployed a Persian garrison to the [[Bahrain Fort]] and subsumed it within the [[Safavid Empire]].<ref name="Larsen pg 68"/><ref name="Bashir 6">{{cite web|last1=Bashir|first1=Sani Ali|title=A study of Al-Khalifah's rule in Bahrain, 1783–1820|url=http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1463879906969~482|publisher=McGill University|access-date=23 May 2016|pages=6|format=Thesis|date=1981}}</ref>