Editing Hierarchical organization (section)

====Hierarchy as ladder of achieved status====
Also known as the informal hierarchy (defined earlier), this type of hierarchy draws on unofficial mechanisms for ranking people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Aparna |last2=Knight |first2=Andrew P. |date= 2015|title=Who Defers to Whom and Why? Dual Pathways Linking Demographic Differences and Dyadic Deference to Team Effectiveness |url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amj.2013.0718 |journal=Academy of Management Journal |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=59–84 |doi=10.5465/amj.2013.0718 |issn=0001-4273}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Jinyu |last2=Huang |first2=Zhi |date= 2011|title=Board Informal Hierarchy and Firm Financial Performance: Exploring a Tacit Structure Guiding Boardroom Interactions |url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amj.2009.0824 |journal=Academy of Management Journal |language=en |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=1119–1139 |doi=10.5465/amj.2009.0824 |issn=0001-4273}}</ref> It involves differences in [[Social status|status]], other than those arising from formal authority. Status is one's social standing or professional position, relative to those of others.<ref>Magee &amp; Galinsky (2008)</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=George |first1=Gerard |last2=Dahlander |first2=Linus |last3=Graffin |first3=Scott D. |last4=Sim |first4=Samantha |date= 2016|title=Reputation and Status: Expanding the Role of Social Evaluations in Management Research |url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/amj.2016.4001 |journal=Academy of Management Journal |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.5465/amj.2016.4001 |issn=0001-4273}}</ref> In anthropology and sociology, this notion of status is also known as [[achieved status]], the social position that is earned instead of being [[Ascribed status|ascribed]].<ref>Bourdieu, P. (1984), [[Distinction (book)|''Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste''.]] Cambridge, CA: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ravlin |first1=Elizabeth C. |last2=Thomas |first2=David C. |date= 2005|title=Status and Stratification Processes in Organizational Life |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0149206305279898 |journal=Journal of Management |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=966–987 |doi=10.1177/0149206305279898 |issn=0149-2063}}</ref> The underlying mechanism is [[social stratification]], which draws on shared cultural beliefs (e.g. regarding expertise and seniority as drivers of status) that can make status differences between people appear natural and fair.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Cameron |last2=Hildreth |first2=John Angus D. |last3=Howland |first3=Laura |date= 2015|title=Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? A review of the empirical literature. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0038781 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=141 |issue=3 |pages=574–601 |doi=10.1037/a0038781 |pmid=25774679 |issn=1939-1455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Class and Stratification |url=https://www.routledge.com/Social-Class-and-Stratification/Saunders/p/book/9780415041256 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref> A ladder of achieved status is [[Social constructionism|socially constructed]], which makes it fundamentally different from the ladder of authority that (largely) arises from an underlying legal structure.<ref name="Romme"/> The social-constructivist nature of status also implies that ladders of achieved status especially arise in groups of people that frequently interact—for example, a work unit, team, family, or neighbourhood.<ref>Saunders (1990)</ref><ref>Dwertmann, D.J.G., &amp; Boehm, S.A. (2016), ”Status matters: The asymmetric effects of supervisor–subordinate disability incongruence and climate for inclusion.” ''Academy of Management Journal'', 59: 44–64. [https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.5465/amj.2014. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0093]</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />