Editing Hawking radiation (section)

==Experimental observation==

===Astronomical search===

In June 2008, [[NASA]] launched the [[Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope|Fermi space telescope]], which is searching for the terminal gamma-ray flashes expected from evaporating [[primordial black hole]]s.  As of Jan 1st, 2024, none have been detected.<ref name="Fermi2018">{{cite arXiv | last=Fermi-LAT collaboration | eprint=1802.00100 | title = Search for Gamma-Ray Emission from Local Primordial Black Holes with the Fermi Large Area Telescope | class=astro-ph | date=January 31, 2018 }}</ref>

===Heavy-ion collider physics===

If speculative [[large extra dimension]] theories are correct, then [[CERN]]'s [[Large Hadron Collider]] may be able to create micro black holes and observe their evaporation. No such micro black hole has been observed at CERN.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.65.056010|arxiv=hep-ph/0106219| title = High energy colliders as black hole factories: The end of short distance physics| journal =[[Physical Review D]]| volume = 65| issue = 5|page=056010| year = 2002|author1-link=Steven Giddings| last1 = Giddings | first1 = Steven B. | last2 = Thomas | first2 = Scott |bibcode=2002PhRvD..65e6010G|s2cid=1203487}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.161602| pmid = 11690198| title = Black Holes at the Large Hadron Collider| journal =[[Physical Review Letters]]| volume = 87| issue = 16| page = 161602| year = 2001| last1 = Dimopoulos | first1 = Savas | last2 = Landsberg | first2 = Greg | bibcode = 2001PhRvL..87p1602D|arxiv = hep-ph/0106295 | s2cid = 119375071}}</ref><ref name="courier">{{cite web |url=https://cerncourier.com/a/the-case-for-mini-black-holes/ |title=The Case for Mini Black Holes |work=[[CERN Courier]] |date= November 2004 |first1=Aurélien |last1=Barrau |first2=Julien |last2=Grain }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article4715761.ece | work=[[The Times]] | location=London | title=Stephen Hawkings 50 bet on the world the universe and the God particle | first=Mark | last=Henderson | date=September 9, 2008 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Experimental===
Under experimentally achievable conditions for gravitational systems, this effect is too small to be observed directly. It was predicted that Hawking radiation could be studied by analogy using [[sonic black hole]]s, in which [[phonon|sound perturbations]] are analogous to light in a gravitational black hole and the flow of an approximately [[perfect fluid]] is analogous to gravity (see ''[[Analog models of gravity]]'').<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barceló|first1=Carlos|last2=Liberati|first2=Stefano|last3=Visser|first3=Matt|date=2003|title=Towards the observation of Hawking radiation in Bose–Einstein condensates|journal=[[International Journal of Modern Physics A]]|volume=18|issue=21|pages=3735–3745|arxiv=gr-qc/0110036|bibcode=2003IJMPA..18.3735B|doi=10.1142/s0217751x0301615x|s2cid=1321910}}</ref> Observations of Hawking radiation were reported, in [[sonic black hole]]s employing [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Steinhauer|first=Jeff|date=2016|title=Observation of quantum Hawking radiation and its entanglement in an analogue black hole|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nphys3863.epdf|journal=[[Nature Physics]]|volume=12|issue=10|pages=959–965|arxiv=1510.00621|bibcode=2016NatPh..12..959S|doi=10.1038/nphys3863|s2cid=119197166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muñoz de Nova|first1=Juan Ramón|last2=Golubkov|first2=Katrine|last3=Kolobov|first3=Victor I.|last4=Steinhauer|first4=Jeff|date=May 2019|title=Observation of thermal Hawking radiation and its temperature in an analogue black hole|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1241-0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=569|issue=7758|pages=688–691|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1241-0|pmid=31142857|arxiv=1809.00913|bibcode=2019Natur.569..688M|s2cid=119327617|issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kolobov|first1=Victor I.|last2=Golubkov|first2=Katrine|last3=Muñoz de Nova|first3=Juan Ramón|last4=Steinhauer|first4=Jeff|date=March 2021|title=Observation of stationary spontaneous Hawking radiation and the time evolution of an analogue black hole|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-01076-0|journal=Nature Physics|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=362–367|doi=10.1038/s41567-020-01076-0|arxiv=1910.09363|bibcode=2021NatPh..17..362K|s2cid=230508375|issn=1745-2481}}</ref>

In September 2010 an experimental set-up created a laboratory "white hole event horizon" that the experimenters claimed was shown to radiate an optical analog to Hawking radiation.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/25805/ |title=First Observation of Hawking Radiation |journal=MIT Technology Review |date=September 27, 2010 |author=Emerging Technology from the arXiv |access-date=September 27, 2010 |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301205626/http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/25805/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the results remain unverified and debatable,<ref name="Milanoguys">{{cite journal|title=Hawking radiation from ultrashort laser pulse filaments |first1=Francesco D. |last1=Belgiorno |first2=Sergio Luigi |last2=Cacciatori |first3=Matteo |last3=Clerici |first4=Vittorio |last4=Gorini |first5=Giovanni |last5=Ortenzi |first6=Luca |last6=Rizzi |first7=Eleonora |last7=Rubino |first8=Vera Giulia |last8=Sala |first9=Daniele |last9=Faccio |arxiv=1009.4634 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.203901 |pmid=21231233 |date=2010 |journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|volume=105 |issue=20 |page=203901 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.105t3901B|s2cid=2245320 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ultrafast Laser Pulse Makes Desktop Black Hole Glow|newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=September 29, 2010|first=Lisa|last=Grossman|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/hawking-radiation-in-the-lab/|access-date=April 30, 2012}}</ref> and its status as a genuine confirmation remains in doubt.<ref>{{cite news|last=Matson |first=John|title=Artificial event horizon emits laboratory analog to theoretical black hole radiation|journal=[[Scientific American]]|date=October 1, 2010|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=hawking-radiation}}</ref>