Editing Halicarnassus (section)

==Archaeological notes and restorations==
[[File:Theater and Acropolis of Halicarnassus.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the ancient Theater and Acropolis of Halicarnassus (modern [[Bodrum]]).]]
[[File:The_theatre_of_ancient_Halicarnassus,_built_in_the_4th_century_BC_during_the_reign_of_King_Mausolos_and_enlarged_in_the_2nd_century_AD,_the_original_capacity_of_the_theatre_was_10,000,_Bodrum,_Turkey_(16456817694).jpg|thumb|left|[[Theatre at Halicarnassus]] in Bodrum, with the [[Bodrum Castle]] seen in the background.]]
[[File:Arte_romana,_statua_di_sacerdote,_30_ac.-395_ca.,_da_alicarnasso.JPG|thumb|Statue of a priest from Halicarnassus (modern [[Bodrum]]).]]
The site is now occupied in part by the town of Bodrum; but the ancient walls can still be traced round nearly all their circuit, and the position of several of the temples, the [[Theatre at Halicarnassus|Theatre of Halicarnassus]], and other public buildings can be fixed with certainty.<ref name=EB1911/>

The ruins of the mausoleum were recovered sufficiently by the 1857 excavations of [[Charles Thomas Newton|Charles Newton]] to enable a fairly complete restoration of its design to be made. The building consisted of five parts—a basement or podium, a pteron or enclosure of columns, a pyramid, a pedestal and a chariot group. The basement, covering an area of 114 feet by 92, was built of blocks of greenstone, cased with marble and covered in carvings of cows. Round the base of it were probably disposed groups of statuary. The pteron consisted (according to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]) of thirty-six columns of the [[Ionic order]], enclosing a square cella. Between the columns probably stood single statues. From the portions that have been recovered, it appears that the principal frieze of the pteron represented combats of Greeks and [[Amazons]]. In addition, there are also many life-size fragments of animals, horsemen, etc., belonging probably to pedimental sculptures, but formerly supposed to be parts of minor friezes. Above the pteron rose the pyramid, mounting by 24 steps to an apex or pedestal.<ref name=EB1911/>
[[File:Part_of_a_panel_from_a_mosaic_pavement-_the_god_of_wine_Dionysos_dances_with_a_panther,_from_Halicarnassus,_4th_century_AD,_Roman_Empire,_British_Museum_(14097669977).jpg|thumb|Part of a panel from a mosaic pavement from Halicarnassus (Roman Empire), British Museum (14097669977)]]

On this apex stood the chariot with the figure of Mausolus himself and an attendant. The height of the statue of Mausolus in the [[British Museum]] is 9'9" without the plinth. The hair falls from the forehead in thick waves on each side of the face and descends nearly to the shoulder; the beard is short and close, the face square and massive, the eyes deep set under overhanging brows. All sorts of restorations of this famous monument have been proposed. The original one, made by Newton and Pullan, is in error in many respects; and that of Oldfield, though to be preferred for its lightness (the mausoleum was said anciently to be "suspended in mid-air").  Another by veteran German architect, F. Adler was published in 1900; but studies have since been made (see below).<ref name="EB1911" />