Editing Halibut (section)

=== Pacific and Greenland halibut populations ===
The Pacific halibut and Greenland halibut have not had this level of fragmentation, and their population is far larger in the United States' waters, with North Pacific halibut and groundfish fisheries extracting the largest volume of catch out of all United States fishery areas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baetscher |first1=Diana S. |last2=Beck |first2=Jessie |last3=Anderson |first3=Eric C. |last4=Ruegg |first4=Kristen |last5=Ramey |first5=Andrew M. |last6=Hatch |first6=Scott |last7=Nevins |first7=Hannah |last8=Fitzgerald |first8=Shannon M. |last9=Carlos Garza |first9=John |date=March 2022 |title=Genetic assignment of fisheries bycatch reveals disproportionate mortality among Alaska Northern Fulmar breeding colonies |journal=Evolutionary Applications |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=447–458 |doi=10.1111/eva.13357 |issn=1752-4571 |pmc=8965376 |pmid=35386403|bibcode=2022EvApp..15..447B }}</ref><ref name="Wojtasik-2021">{{Cite journal |first1=Barbara |last1=Wojtasik |first2=Agnieszka |last2=Kijewska |first3=Monika |last3=Mioduchowska |first4=Barbara |last4=Mikuła |first5=Jerzy |last5=Sell |date=2021 |title=Temporal isolation between two strongly differentiated stocks of the Greenland halibut ( Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Walbaum, 1792) from the Western Barents Sea |journal=Polish Polar Research |pages=117–138 |doi=10.24425/ppr.2021.136603|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12128/21254 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Sometimes the [[California halibut]] is mistaken for a subspecies, but they are not, and are not even a true halibut species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vargas-Peralta |first1=Carmen E. |last2=Farfán |first2=Claudia |last3=Cruz |first3=Fabiola Lafarga-De La |last4=Barón-Sevilla |first4=Benjamín |last5=Río-Portilla |first5=Miguel A. Del |date=2020-12-18 |title=Genoma mitocondrial completo del lenguado de California, Paralichthys californicus |url=https://cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/cmarinas/article/view/3121 |journal=Ciencias Marinas |language=es |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=297–306–297–306 |doi=10.7773/cm.v46i4.3121 |s2cid=234547077 |issn=2395-9053|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the North Atlantic, observation of migration indicates that there are only two major populations of Greenland halibut that both stretch vast distances. Those populations being the Northeast one stretching from the Kara Sea to Greenland, and the Northwest one stretching from Newfoundland to Baffin Bay.<ref>Vihtakari, Mikko; Elvarsson, Bjarki Þór; Treble, Margaret; Nogueira, Adriana; Hedges, Kevin; Hussey, Nigel E; Wheeland, Laura; Roy, Denis; Ofstad, Lise Helen; Hallfredsson, Elvar H; Barkley, Amanda; Estévez-Barcia, Daniel; Nygaard, Rasmus; Healey, Brian; Steingrund, Petur (2022-07-18). "Migration patterns of Greenland halibut in the North Atlantic revealed by a compiled mark–recapture dataset". ''ICES Journal of Marine Science''. '''79''' (6): 1902–1917. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1093/icesjms/fsac127. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1054-3139.</ref> These stocks had been previously thought to be four different populations, but migration has indicated that they are only two different populations, and that fishing has not fragmented them. New research also indicates that the Greenland halibut originally came from the Pacific Ocean and spread into the Arctic Basin when the Bering Strait opened for a second time around 3 million years ago, and thus the Pacific halibut is its closest living relative.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Orlova |first1=S. Yu. |last2=Volkov |first2=A. A. |last3=Shcepetov |first3=D. M. |last4=Maznikova |first4=O. A. |last5=Chernova |first5=N. V. |last6=Chikurova |first6=E. A. |last7=Glebov |first7=I. I. |last8=Orlov |first8=A. M. |date=2019-01-01 |title=Inter- and Intra-Species Relationships of Greenland Halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Pleuronectidae) Based on the Analysis of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genetic Markers |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945219010119 |journal=Journal of Ichthyology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=65–77 |doi=10.1134/S0032945219010119 |bibcode=2019JIch...59...65O |s2cid=255280804 |issn=1555-6425}}</ref>