Editing Gurmukhi (section)

===Other signs===
The diacritics for gemination and nasalization are together referred to as ਲਗਾਖਰ ''lagākkhară'' ("applied letters").

====Gemination====
The diacritic ਅੱਧਕ ''áddakă'' ( ੱ ) indicates that the following consonant is [[geminated]],{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}}<ref name="Bright1996"/> and is placed above the consonant preceding the geminated one.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=183}} Consonant length is distinctive in the Punjabi language and the use of this diacritic can change the meaning of a word, as below:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Without ''áddakă'' !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Transliteration !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Meaning !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | With ''áddakă'' !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Transliteration !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Meaning 
|-
|| '''ਦਸ''' || ''dasă'' || ten || '''ਦੱਸ''' || ''dassĭ'' || tell (verb) 
|-
|| '''ਪਤਾ''' || ''patā'' || aware of/address || '''ਪੱਤਾ''' || ''pattā'' || leaf 
|-
|| '''ਬੁਝਣਾ''' || ''bújăṇā'' || to burn out, be extinguished || '''ਬੁੱਝਣਾ''' || ''bújjăṇā'' || to think through, figure out, solve
|-
|| '''ਕਲਾ''' || ''kalā'' || art || '''ਕੱਲਾ''' || ''kallā'' || alone ([[colloquialism]])
|}

It has not been standardized to be written in all instances of gemination;{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}} there is a strong tendency, especially in rural dialects, to also geminate consonants following a long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/, which triggers shortening in these vowels) in the [[penult]] of a word, e.g. ਔਖਾ ''aukkhā'' "difficult", ਕੀਤੀ ''kī̆ttī'' "did", ਪੋਤਾ ''pō̆ttā'' "grandson", ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ''panjā̆bbī'' "Punjabi", ਹਾਕ ''hākă'' "call, shout", but plural ਹਾਕਾਂ ''hā̆kkā̃''.{{refn|group=note|This does not include consonants which are not naturally geminated, i.e. ਹ ''ha'', ਣ ''ṇa'', ਰ ''ra'', ਵ ''va'', ੜ ''ṛa'', and the ''navīnă ṭollī'' consonants.}}
Except in this case, where this unmarked gemination is often [[etymologically]] rooted in archaic forms,{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=198}} and has become [[phonotactically]] regular,{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=591}} the usage of the ''áddakă'' is obligatory.

It is also sometimes used to indicate second-syllable stress, e.g. ਬੱਚਾ ''ba'cā'', "save".{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=597}}

====Nasalisation====
The diacritics ਟਿੱਪੀ ''ṭippī'' ( ੰ ) and ਬਿੰਦੀ ''bindī'' ( ਂ )  are used for producing a nasal phoneme depending on the following obstruent or a nasal vowel at the end of a word.{{sfn|Masica|1993|p=149}} All short vowels are nasalized using ''ṭippī''  and all long vowels are nasalized using ''bindī'' except for ''dulaiṅkaṛă'' ( ੂ ), which uses ''ṭippī'' instead. 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Diacritic usage !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Result !! bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Examples ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
|-
|| ''Ṭippī'' on short vowel (/ə/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/),  or dependent long vowel /u:/, before a non-nasal consonant<ref name="Bright1996"/> || Adds [[nasal consonant]] at [[Homorganic consonant|same place of articulation as following consonant]]<br /> (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.) 
|| '''ਹੰਸ''' /ɦə'''n'''sə̆/ "goose"<br />'''ਅੰਤ''' /ə'''n̪'''t̪ə̆/ "end"<br />'''ਗੰਢ''' /gə́'''ɳ'''ɖə̆/ "knot"<br />'''ਅੰਬ''' /ə'''m'''bə̆/ "mango"<br />'''ਸਿੰਗ''' /sɪ'''ŋ'''gə̆/ "horn, antler"<br />'''ਕੁੰਜੀ''' / kʊ'''ɲ'''d͡ʒiː/ "key"<br />'''ਗੂੰਜ''' /g'''uːɲ'''d͡ʒə̆/ "rumble, echo"<br />'''ਲੂੰਬੜੀ''' /l'''uːm'''bᵊɽiː/ "fox" 
|-
|| ''Bindī'' over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, independent /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/)<ref name="Bright1996"/><br />before a non-nasal consonant not including /h/{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=627}} || Adds nasal consonant at same place of articulation as following consonant (/ns/, /n̪t̪/, /ɳɖ/, /mb/, /ŋg/, /nt͡ʃ/ etc.).<br />May also secondarily nasalize the vowel 
|| '''ਕਾਂਸੀ''' /kaː'''n'''siː/  "bronze"<br />'''ਕੇਂਦਰ''' /keː'''n̯'''d̯əɾə̆/ "center, core, headquarters"<br />'''ਗੁਆਂਢੀ''' /gʊáː'''ɳ'''ɖiː/ "neighbor"<br />'''ਭੌਂਕ''' /pɔ̀ː'''ŋ'''kə̆/ "bark, rave"<br />'''ਸਾਂਝ''' /sáː'''ɲ'''d͡ʒə̆/ "commonality"
|-
|| ''Ṭippī'' over consonants with dependent long vowel /u:/<br />at open syllable at end of word<ref name="Bright1996"/> or ending in /ɦ/{{sfn|Grierson|1916|p=627}} || [[Vowel nasalization]] || '''ਤੂੰ''' /t̪ũː/ "you"<br />'''ਸਾਨੂੰ''' /sanːũː/ "to us"<br />'''ਮੂੰਹ''' /mũːɦ/ "mouth"
|-
|| ''Ṭippī'' on short vowel before nasal consonant (/n̪/ or /m/)<ref name="Bright1996"/> || [[Gemination]] of nasal consonant<br />''Ṭippī'' is used to geminate nasal consonants instead of ''áddakă''|| '''ਇੰਨਾ''' /ɪn̪:a:/ "this much"<br />'''ਕੰਮ''' /kəm:ə̆/ "work"
|-
|| ''Bindī'' over long vowel (/a:/, /e:/, /i:/, /o:/, /u:/, /ɛ:/, /ɔː/),<ref name="Bright1996"/><br />at open syllable at end of word, or ending in /ɦ/|| Vowel nasalization || '''ਬਾਂਹ''' /bã́h/ "arm"<br />'''ਮੈਂ''' /mɛ̃ː/ "I, me"<br />'''ਅਸੀਂ''' /əsĩː/ "we"<br />'''ਤੋਂ''' /t̪õː/ "from"<br />'''ਸਿਊਂ''' /sɪ.ũː/ "sew" 
|}
Older texts may follow other conventions.

====Vowel suppression====
[[File:Manuscript folio scribed by Guru Arjan Dev showcasing the original 35 letters (paintī) of the Gurmukhi script.png|thumb|''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' folio scribed by [[Guru Arjan]] with the original 35 letters (''paintī'') plus vowel, nasalization, and punctuation diacritics of the Gurmukhi script at the top and right side of the page|right]]
The ਹਲੰਤ ''[[virama|halantă]]'', or ਹਲੰਦ ''halandă'', ( ੍ U+0A4D) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhī. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel.

The effect of this is shown below:

:ਕ&nbsp;– {{IPA|kə}}

:ਕ੍&nbsp;– {{IPA|k}}

====Punctuation====

The ''[[danda|ḍaṇḍī]]'' (।) is used in Gurmukhi to mark the end of a sentence.{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}} A doubled ''ḍaṇḍī'', or ''doḍaṇḍī'' (॥) marks the end of a verse.<ref name=scriptsource>{{cite web|url=https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Guru|title=ScriptSource - Gurmukhi|date=19 July 2016|website=ScriptSource|first=Stephanie|last=Holloway|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144025/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Guru|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[visarga]]'' symbol (ਃ U+0A03) is used very occasionally in Gurmukhī. It can represent an abbreviation, as the [[Punctuation of English#Full point, full stop, or period|period]] is used in English, though the period for abbreviation, like commas, exclamation points, and other Western punctuation, is freely used in modern Gurmukhī.<ref name=scriptsource/>{{sfn|Bāhrī|2011|p=182}}