Editing Guanyin (section)

===Manifestations of Guanyin===
The twenty-fifth chapter of the [[Lotus Sutra]], one of the most popular sacred texts in the Buddhist canon, describes thirty-three specific manifestations that Guanyin can assume to assist other beings seeking salvation. These forms encompass a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]], a [[pratyekabuddha]], an [[arhat]], [[Brahma|King Brahma]], [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakra]] ([[Indra]]), [[Ishvara|Isvara]],  [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Mahesvara]] ([[Shiva]]), a [[Teen Ta Tseang Keun|great heavenly general]], [[Vaiśravaṇa]], a [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Cakravartin]], a minor king, an [[Elder (administrative title)|elder]], a [[Householder (Buddhism)|householder]], a chief minister, a [[Brahmin]], a [[bhikkhu]], a [[bhikkhunī]], a [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|Upāsaka]], a [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|Upāsikā]], a wife, a young boy, a young girl, a [[deva (Hinduism)|deva]], a [[nāga]], a [[yaksha]], a [[gandharva]], an [[asura]], a [[Garuda|garuḍa]], a [[kinnara]], a [[Mahoraga]], a human, a [[non-human]] and [[Vajrapani]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson, Burton |title=The lotus sutra|date=1999|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=81-7030-633-7|oclc=247391640}}</ref><ref name="Kieschnick 205">{{Cite journal|last1=Kieschnick|first1=John|last2=Yü|first2=Chün-fang|last3=Yu|first3=Chun-fang|date=June 2002|title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=62|issue=1|pages=205|doi=10.2307/4126591|jstor=4126591|issn=0073-0548}}</ref> 
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:観音と居士 Avalokitasvara and Householder.jpg|[[Householder (Buddhism)|Householder]]
File:観音と夜叉 Avalokitasvara and Yaksa.jpg|[[Yaksha]]
File:観音と阿修羅 Avalokitasvara and Asura.jpg|[[Asura]]
File:観音と迦楼羅 Avalokitasvara and Garuda.jpg|[[Garuda|Garuḍa]]
</gallery>
The [[Śūraṅgama Sūtra]] also mentions thirty-two manifestations of Guanyin, which follow closely those in the [[Lotus Sutra]], with the omission of [[Vajrapani]], and the substitution of [[Vaiśravaṇa]] (Heavenly King of the North) with the [[Four Heavenly Kings]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Śūraṅgama sūtra : a new translation|date=2009|publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society|isbn=978-0-88139-962-2|location=Ukiah, CA|oclc=300721049}}</ref><ref name="Kieschnick 205"/> These manifestations of Guanyin have been nativized in China and Japan to form a traditional list of iconographic forms corresponding to each manifestation.<ref name="Kieschnick 205"/>
[[File:隆兴寺千手观音 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Colossal bronze [[Song dynasty]] (960 - 1279) statue of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin (''Qiānshǒu'' ''Guānyīn'') located at the ''[[Guanyin Dian]]'' of [[Longxing Temple]] in [[Hebei]], [[China]].]]
Guanyin is also venerated in various other forms. In the Chinese [[Tiantai]] and [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|Tangmi]] and the Japanese [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] and [[Tendai]] traditions, Guanyin can take on six forms, each corresponding to a particular realm of samsara. This grouping originates from the ''[[Mohe Zhiguan]]'' ({{zh|c=摩訶止観|p=Móhē Zhǐguān}}) written by the [[Tiantai]] patriarch [[Zhiyi]] (538–597) and are attested to in various other textual sources, such as the Essential Record of The Efficacy of The Three Jewels ({{zh|c=三寶感應要略錄|p=Sānbǎo Gǎnyìng Yàolüèlù}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=智者大师摩诃止观原文_摩诃止观全文在线阅读 - 无量光明佛教网|url=https://m.guang5.com/fojing/yuanwen/39259.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=m.guang5.com|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142855/https://m.guang5.com/fojing/yuanwen/39259.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NTI Reader|url=http://ntireader.org/taisho/t2084.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=ntireader.org|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142851/http://ntireader.org/taisho/t2084.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They are:

# '''Guanyin as Great Mercy''' ({{zh|c=大慈觀音|p=Dàcí Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Noble Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=聖觀音|p=Shèng Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[preta]] realm.
# '''Guanyin as Great Compassion''' ({{zh|c=大悲觀音|p=Dàbēi Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Thousand-Armed Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=千手觀音|p=Qiānshǒu Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[Naraka (Buddhism)|hell]] realm.
# '''Guanyin of the Universally Shining Great Light''' ({{zh|c=大光普照觀音|p=Dàguāng Pǔzhào Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Eleven-Headed Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=十一面觀音|p=Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[asura]] realm.
# '''Guanyin as The Divine Hero''' ({{zh|c=天人丈夫觀音|p=Tiānrén Zhàngfū Guānyīn}}), also known as [[Cundi (Buddhism)|'''Cundī Guanyin''']] ({{zh|c=準提觀音|p=Zhǔntí Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[human]] realm.
# '''Guanyin as Mahābrahmā the Profound''' ({{zh|c=大梵深遠觀音|p=Dàfàn Shēnyuǎn Guānyīn}}), also known as [[Cintāmaṇicakra|'''Cintāmaṇicakra Guanyin''']] ({{zh|c=如意輪觀音|p=Rúyìlún Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] realm.
# '''Fearless Lion-like Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=獅子無畏觀音|p=Shīzǐ Wúwèi Guānyīn}}), also known as [[Hayagriva (Buddhism)|'''Hayagriva Guanyin''']] ({{zh|c=馬頭觀音|p=Mǎtóu Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[animal]] realm.

[[File:Quan Am 1656.jpg|thumb|left|This wooden statue of Quan Âm Nghìn Mắt Nghìn Tay (Quan Âm Bodhisattva with 1000 eyes and 1000 hands) was fashioned in 1656 in [[Bắc Ninh Province]], northern [[Vietnam]].  It is now located in the History Museum in [[Hanoi]].|333x333px]]
In [[China]], the Thousand-Armed manifestation of Guanyin is the most popular among her different esoteric forms.<ref name="Yü 2001">{{Cite book|last=Yü|first=Chün-fang |title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press|jstor=10.7312/yu--12028}}</ref> In the [[Karandavyuha Sutra]], the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Guanyin ({{zh|c=千手千眼觀音|p=Qiānshǒu Qiānyǎn Guānyīn}}) is described as being superior to all gods and buddhas of the Indian pantheon. The Sutra also states that "it is easier to count all the leaves of every tree of every forest and all the grains of sand in the universe than to count the blessings and power of Avalokiteshvara". This version of Guanyin with a thousand arms depicting the power of all gods also shows various buddhas in the crown depicting the wisdom of all buddhas. In temples and monasteries in [[China]], iconographic depictions of this manifestation of Guanyin is often combined with iconographic depiction of her Eleven-Headed manifestation to form statues with a thousand arms as well as eleven heads. The mantra associated with this manifestation, the [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]], is one of the most popular mantras commonly recited in [[East Asian Buddhism]].<ref name="Yü 2001"/> 

In [[Chinese Buddhism]], the popularity of the mantra influenced the creation of an esoteric repentance ceremony known as the ''Ritual of Great Compassion Repentance'' ({{zh|c=大悲懺法會|p=Dàbēi Chànfǎ Huì}} during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) by the Tiantai monk [[Siming Zhili]] ({{zh|c=四明知禮|p=Sìmíng Zhīlǐ}}), which is still regularly performed in modern Chinese Buddhist temples in [[Mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Overseas Chinese|overseas Chinese communities]].<ref name="Yü 2001" />
[[File:Guanyin - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Liao dynasty]] (916 - 1125) statue of [[Ekādaśamukha]], or the Eleven Headed Guanyin, in [[Dule Temple]], [[Tianjin]], [[China]]. ]]
One Chinese Buddhist legend from the ''Complete Tale of Guanyin and the Southern Seas'' ({{zh|c=南海觀音全撰|p=Nánhǎi Guānyīn Quánzhuàn}}) recounts how Guanyin almost emptied hell by reforming almost all of its denizens until sent out from there by the [[Diyu#Ten Courts of Yanluo|Ten Kings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ziliaoku.jxwmw.cn/system/2009/03/31/010121489.shtml |script-title=zh:【明代小说】《南海观音菩萨出身修行传》第十三回 妙善魂游地府 |website=ziliaoku.jxwmw.cn |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121153715/http://ziliaoku.jxwmw.cn/system/2009/03/31/010121489.shtml |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Despite strenuous effort, she realised that there were still many unhappy beings yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, her head split into eleven pieces. The buddha Amitābha, upon seeing her plight, gave her eleven heads to help her hear the cries of those who are suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara attempted to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that her two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha came to her aid and appointed her a thousand arms to let her reach out to those in need. Many Himalayan versions of the tale include eight arms with which Avalokitesvara skillfully upholds the [[dharma]], each possessing its own particular implement, while more Chinese-specific versions give varying accounts of this number. In Japan, statues of this nature can be found at the [[Sanjūsangen-dō]] temple of Kyoto.

In both [[Chinese Buddhism]] and [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]], Hayagriva Guanyin ({{lit|Horse Headed Guanyin}})<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017|editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=David S.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |journal=Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref> is venerated as a guardian protector of travel and transportation, especially for cars. His statue is placed at the entrance and exits of some Chinese Buddhist temples to bless visitors. In certain Chinese Buddhist temples, visitors are also allowed to have their license plates enshrined in front of an image of this deity to invoke his protection over their vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=车神殿牌位认捐供奉-白塔寺|url=http://www.baitasi.net/zt/2015-05-19/2225.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.baitasi.net|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419044204/http://www.baitasi.net/zt/2015-05-19/2225.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also counted as one of the 500 [[Arhat]]s, where he is known as Mǎtóu Zūnzhě 馬頭尊者 ({{lit|The Venerable Horse Head}}). In [[Taoism]], Hayagriva Guanyin was syncretized and incorporated within the [[Chinese gods and immortals|Taoist pantheon]] as the god Mǎ Wáng 馬王 (lit. Horse King), who is associated with fire. In this form, he is usually portrayed with six arms and a third eye on the forehead.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese and Tibetan esoteric Buddhism|date=2017|editor=Yael Bentor |editor2=Meir Shahar|isbn=978-90-04-34050-3|location=Leiden|oclc=967456890}}</ref>
[[File:寶殿 - Lingyin 2.jpg|left|thumb|291x291px|Statue of [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī Guanyin]] (''Zhǔntí Guānyīn'') with 18 arms from the [[Mahavira Hall]] of [[Lingyin Temple]] in [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]], China.]]
Guanyin's [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī]] manifestation is an esoteric form of Guanyin that is venerated widely in China and Japan. The first textual source of Cundī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī is the ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra]]'', a sūtra centered around the bodhisattva [[Avalokiteśvara]] that introduced the popular mantra ''[[Om mani padme hum|oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ]]''. This text is first dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.<ref name="Alexander. 2002">{{Cite book|first=Alexander|last=Studholme|title=The origins of Oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ : a study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra|date=2002|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-5390-1|oclc=1045959191}}</ref> Cundī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī are also featured in the [[Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra]], which was translated three times from Sanskrit into [[Chinese language|Chinese]] in the late 7th century and early 8th century by the Indian esoteric masters [[Divakara|Divākara]] (685 CE), [[Vajrabodhi]] (723 CE), and [[Amoghavajra]] (8th century).<ref name="Alexander. 2002"/> In iconographic form, she is depicted with eighteen arms, all wielding different implements and weaponry that symbolize skillful means of the Dharma, sitting on a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]]. This manifestation is also referred to as the "Mother of the Seventy Million [Buddhas]" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 七俱胝佛母; [[pinyin]]: ''Qījùzhī fómǔ''). Her mantra, the Mahācundi Dhāraṇī ({{zh|c=準提神咒|p=Zhǔntí Shénzhòu}}), is one of the [[Mantra|Ten Small Mantras]] ({{zh|c=十小咒|p=Shí xiǎo zhòu}}), which are a collection of dharanis that are commonly recited in Chinese Buddhist temples during morning liturgical services specifically.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ten Small Mantras|url=http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.buddhamountain.ca|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110346/http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=What is Ten Small Mantras|url=https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.buddhismtoronto.com|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110346/https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Cintamanicakra (Ruyilun Guanyin) - Jade Buddha Temple; Shanghai, China.jpg|thumb|Shrine to [[Cintāmaṇicakra|Cintāmaṇicakra Guanyin]] (''Rúyìlún Guānyīn'') in the Hall of Great Compassion in [[Jade Buddha Temple]]; [[Shanghai]], China.|293x293px]]
Guanyin's [[Cintāmaṇicakra]] manifestation is also widely venerated in China and Japan. In iconographic form, this manifestation is often portrayed as having six arms, with his first right hand touches the cheek in a pensive mudra, his second right hand holds a wish granting jewel (cintamani), his third right hand holds prayer beads, his first left hand holds Mount Meru, his second left hand holds a lotus flower and the third left hand holds a Dharma wheel (cakra).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=A Late Tang Dynasty Sculpture Bought at a Missouri Garage Sale for Less Than $100 Just Sold for $2.1 Million|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/chinese-buddhist-sculpture-garage-sale-1495570|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Artnet News|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510234756/https://news.artnet.com/market/chinese-buddhist-sculpture-garage-sale-1495570|url-status=live}}</ref> Her mantra, the Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani ({{zh|c=如意寶輪王陀羅尼|p=Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní}}), is also one of the [[Ten Small Mantras]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In China, it is said that fishermen used to pray to her to ensure safe voyages. The titles ''Guanyin of the Southern Ocean'' ({{lang|zh|南海觀音}}) and "Guanyin (of/on) the Island" stem from this tradition.

[[File:Yuan porcelain buddha.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Chinese porcelain statue depicting Guanyin, [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368 AD).]]