Editing Greece (section)

==== Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) ====
{{Main|Greek War of Independence}}
[[File:The sortie of Messologhi by Theodore Vryzakis.jpg|thumb|upright=.85|''The sortie (exodus) of [[Messolonghi]]'', depicting the [[third siege of Missolonghi]], painted by [[Theodoros Vryzakis]]]]
In the 18th century, Greek merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, established communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Europe,{{Sfn|Clogg|1992|pages=21, 23}} and used their wealth to fund educational activities that brought younger generations into contact with Western ideas.{{Sfn|Clogg|1992|page=25, 26, 27}} In the 18th century, an increase in learning during the [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]] led to the emergence among [[Westernization|Westernised]] Greek-speaking [[elite]]s of the [[Greek nationalism|notion of a Greek nation]]. A secret organisation formed in this milieu was the [[Filiki Eteria]], in 1814.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2009|pp=81–3}}.</ref> They engaged [[traditional society|traditional strata]] of the Greek Orthodox world in their [[liberal nationalism|liberal nationalist]] cause.<ref>{{harvnb|Hatzopoulos|2009}}. For the crisis of maritime trade from 1815 onwards, see {{harvnb|Kremmydas|1977}} and {{harvnb|Kremmydas|2002}}.</ref>

The first revolt began on 6 March 1821 in the [[Danubian Principalities]], but was put down by the Ottomans. This spurred the Greeks of the [[Peloponnese]] and on 17 March the [[Maniots]] declared war on the Ottomans.<ref name="Brewer, D. 2001, pp. 235">Brewer, D. ''The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation.'' Overlook Press, 2001, {{ISBN|1-58567-172-X}}, pp. 235–36.</ref> By October 1821 the Greeks had captured [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripolitsa]]. There were revolts in Crete, [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]], which were suppressed. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, committing [[Massacres during the Greek Revolution|massacres]].<ref name="Brewer, D. 2001, pp. 235" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C. |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |date=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851096725 |page=1140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021209/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1140 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Chios Massacre Of 1822|work=Queens Gazette |url=http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html |access-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111173817/http://www.qgazette.com/news/2007-11-28/features/016.html|archive-date=11 November 2018}}</ref> This galvanised opinion in western Europe in favour of the Greeks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Klose |first=Fabian |title=The Emergence of Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas and Practice... |date=2016 |publisher=Clays |isbn=9781107075511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |page=175 |access-date=6 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912210753/https://books.google.com/books?id=cMvZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-09-12}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Mahmud II]] negotiated with [[Mehmet Ali of Egypt]], who agreed to send his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]] with an army, in return for territorial gain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willert |first=Trine Stauning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction|title=The New Ottoman Greece in History and Fiction|date=4 September 2018 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-93849-3|pages=71–100 |access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021210/https://books.google.com/books?id=gB1tDwAAQBAJ&q=The+New+Ottoman+Greece+in+History+and+Fiction#v=snippet&q=The%20New%20Ottoman%20Greece%20in%20History%20and%20Fiction&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Ibrahim Pasha |volume=14 |pages=223–224 |inline=1}}</ref> Three [[great powers]], [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]], [[Russian Empire]], and the [[United Kingdom]], each sent a navy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woodhouse |first=Christopher Montague |year=1965 |title=The Battle of Navarino |pages=117–18, 137, 139}}</ref> The allied fleet destroyed the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at the [[Battle of Navarino]], and the Greeks captured Central Greece by 1828. The [[First Hellenic Republic|nascent Greek state]] was recognised under the [[London Protocol (1830)|London Protocol]] in 1830.<ref>{{cite book |title=Η αντιπολίτευση κατά του κυβερνήτη Ιωάννη Καποδίστρια |first=Χρήστος |last=Λούκος |publisher=Θεμέλιο |year=1988 |location=Αθήνα, Ελλάδα |page=187 |language=el}}</ref>