Editing Grapefruit (section)

== History ==

{{further|Citrus taxonomy}}

[[File:Hybrid origins of orange.svg|thumb |center |upright=2 |The grapefruit, like many cultivated ''[[Citrus]]'' species, is a hybrid, in its case of the [[sweet orange]] and [[pomelo]].<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018"/>]]

Grapefruit originated as a natural hybrid.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Xiaomeng Li |author2=Rangjin Xie |author3=Zhenhua Lu |author4=Zhiqin Zhou |title=Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118101600.htm |website=Science Daily |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192729/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118101600.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> One ancestor of the grapefruit was the Jamaican sweet orange (''[[Citrus sinensis]]''), itself an ancient hybrid of Asian origin; the other was the Indonesian [[pomelo]] (''C. maxima'').<ref name=morton/> The pomelo was the female ancestor; the sweet orange, itself a hybrid, was the male.<ref name="Wu Terol Ibanez 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Guohong Albert |last2=Terol |first2=Javier |last3=Ibanez |first3=Victoria |last4=López-García |first4=Antonio |last5=Pérez-Román |first5=Estela |last6=Borredá |first6=Carles |last7=Domingo |first7=Concha |last8=Tadeo |first8=Francisco R. |last9=Carbonell-Caballero |first9=Jose |last10=Alonso |first10=Roberto |last11=Curk |first11=Franck |last12=Du |first12=Dongliang |last13=Ollitrault |first13=Patrick |last14=Roose |first14=Mikeal L. Roose |last15=Dopazo |first15=Joaquin |last16=Gmitter Jr |first16=Frederick G. |last17=Rokhsar |first17=Daniel |last18=Talon |first18=Manuel |display-authors=5 |title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |year=2018 |volume=554 |issue=7692 |pages=311–316 |doi=10.1038/nature25447 |pmid=29414943 |bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11939/5741 |hdl-access=free}} and Supplement</ref> Both ''C. sinensis'' and ''C. maxima'' were present in the West Indies by 1692. One story of the fruit's origin is that a 17th-century trader named 'Captain Shaddock'<ref name=morton/><ref name="Kumamoto Scora Lawton 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Kumamoto |first1=J. |last2=Scora |first2=R. W. |last3=Lawton |first3=H. W. |last4=Clerx |first4=W. A. |date=1987-01-01 |title=Mystery of the forbidden fruit: Historical epilogue on the origin of the grapefruit, Citrus paradisi (Rutaceae) |journal=Economic Botany |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1007/BF02859356 |bibcode=1987EcBot..41...97K |s2cid=42178548}}</ref> brought pomelo seeds to Jamaica and bred the first fruit, which were then called ''shaddocks''.<ref name="culinaire">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080502135258/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JAW/is_87/ai_n25336559 Grapefruit: a fruit with a bit of a complex] in ''Art Culinaire'' (Winter, 2007)</ref> The grapefruit then probably originated as a naturally occurring hybrid between the two plants some time after they had been introduced there.<ref name=morton/><ref name="Carrington & Fraser"/>

[[File:Kimball C. Atwood.jpg|thumb|upright |left |Kimball Chase Atwood founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. It became the largest grapefruit grove in the world.<ref name="Herald Tribune 2004"/>]]

A hybrid fruit, called ''forbidden fruit'', was first documented in 1750 (along with 14 other citrus fruits including the guiney orange) by a Welshman, the Rev. Griffith Hughes, in his ''The Natural History of Barbados''.<ref name=morton/> However, Hughes's forbidden fruit may have been [[Forbidden fruit (citrus)|a plant distinct from grapefruit]] although still closely related to it.<ref name="Bowman Gmitter 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Kim D. |last2=Gmitter |first2=Frederick Jr. |date=April 1990 |title=Forbidden Fruit (Citrus sp., Rutaceae) Rediscovered in Saint Lucia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255226 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=165–173 |doi=10.1007/BF02860484 |jstor=4255226 |bibcode=1990EcBot..44..165B |s2cid=33098910 |access-date=2022-04-11 |archive-date=2022-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411235306/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4255226 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1814, the British naturalist and plantation owner [[John Lunan]] published the term ''grapefruit'' to describe a similar Jamaican citrus plant.<ref name=culinaire/> Lunan reported that the name was due to its similarity in taste to the grape (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Lunan |first=John |author-link=John Lunan |title=Hortus Jamaicensis |date=1814 |publisher=St. Iago de la Vega Gazette |location=Jamaica |pages=171–173 |url=https://idtools.org/id/citrus/citrusid/factsheet.php?name=Grapefruits+%28Non-pigmented%29 |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727134410/http://idtools.org/id/citrus/citrusid/factsheet.php?name=Grapefruits+(Non-pigmented) |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternative explanation is that this name may allude to clusters of the fruit on the tree, which often appear similar to bunches of grapes.<ref name="State of California 1895"/><ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/agriculture/item/how-did-grapefruit-get-its-name-it-doesnt-look-like-a-grape/ |title=How did the grapefruit get its name? |website=[[Library of Congress]] |at=Everyday Mysteries |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127005023/https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/agriculture/item/how-did-grapefruit-get-its-name-it-doesnt-look-like-a-grape/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1830, the Jamaican version of the plant was given the botanical name ''Citrus paradisi'' by the Scottish physician and botanist [[James Macfadyen]]. Macfadyen identified two varieties – one called ''forbidden fruit'', the other ''Barbadoes Grape Fruit''. Macfadyen distinguished between the two plants by fruit shape with the Barbados grapefruit being piriform ([[pear]] shaped) while the forbidden fruit was "maliformis".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Macfadyen |first=James |author-link=James Macfadyen |year=1830 |title=Some remarks on the species of genus ''Citrus'' which are cultivated in Jamaica. |journal=Botanical Miscellanea |issue=1 |pages=295–304}}</ref> Macfadyen's and Hughes's descriptions differ, so it is not clear that the two reports are describing the same plant. It has been suggested that Hughes's golden orange may actually have been a grapefruit, while his forbidden fruit was a different variety that may since have been lost.<ref name="Kumamoto Scora Lawton 1987"/> A citrus called ''forbidden fruit'' or ''shaddette'' has been discovered in [[Saint Lucia]]; it may be the plant described by Hughes and Macfadyen.<ref name="Bowman Gmitter 1990"/>

The name ''grape-fruit'' was used during the 19th century to refer to pomelos.<ref name="State of California 1895">{{cite book |title=Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly of the twenty-first Session of the Legislature of the State of California |publisher=Legislature of the State of California |volume=V |chapter=Report of the Secretary–the pomelo |location=Sacramento, California |year=1895 |page=65 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65 |quote=The pomelo is now marketed under the name 'grape-fruit', which is a misnomer. This is confusing and misleading. The name 'grape-fruit' was given to this fruit in Florida, as it hangs on trees in clusters resembling the grape, but has no relation to it whatever. Growers and shippers should drop the name 'grape-fruit' and apply to it the name ''pomelo'', which is popular, and botanically correct. |author=California |access-date=2020-10-07 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713194320/https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNIAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA65 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was brought to Florida by the French businessman Count [[Odet Philippe]] in 1823, in what is now known as [[Safety Harbor]].<ref name=morton/> Further crosses have produced the [[tangelo]] (1905), the [[Minneola tangelo]] (1931), and the [[oroblanco]] (1984). Its true origins were not determined until the 1940s, at which point its official name was altered to ''Citrus'' × ''paradisi'', the '''×''' identifying it as a hybrid.<ref name="University_of_Florida">University of Florida: IFAS Extension; The Grapefruit. {{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf |title=Fact Sheet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628190748/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/CH/CH06300.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-28 }}</ref> An early pioneer in the American citrus industry was Kimball C. Atwood<!-- {{Q |109604748}} -->, a wealthy entrepreneur who founded the Atwood Grapefruit Company in the late 19th century. The Atwood Grove became the largest grapefruit grove in the world, with a yearly output of 80,000 boxes of fruit.<ref name="Herald Tribune 2004">{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20040816/NEWS/408160323?tc=ar |title=Manatee County a big part of citrus history |publisher=Herald-Tribune |date=2004-08-16 |access-date=2011-12-17 |archive-date=2012-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012003951/http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20040816/NEWS/408160323?tc=ar |url-status=live }}</ref> There, pink grapefruit was discovered in 1906.<ref name=morton/>{{Clear}}