Editing Gentrification (section)

===Education===
"School gentrification" is characterized by: (i) increased numbers of middle-class families; (ii) material and physical upgrades (e.g. new programs, educational resources, and infrastructural improvements); (iii) forms of exclusion and/or the marginalization of low-income students and families (e.g. in both enrollment and social relations); and (iv) changes in school culture and climate (e.g. traditions, expectations, and social dynamics).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Posey-Maddox |first1=Linn |last2=Kimelberg |first2=Shelley McDonough |last3=Cucchiara |first3=Maia |title=Middle-Class Parents and Urban Public Schools: Current Research and Future Directions: Middle-Class Parents and Urban Public Schools |journal=Sociology Compass |date=April 2014 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=446–456 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12148 }}</ref>

A 2024 study found that adding high-density mixed-income developments to low-income neighborhoods in London, United Kingdom, led to improved educational outcomes for the children who were already living in the neighborhood. The plausible mechanism for this effect is that incumbent students were exposed to more high-ability students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neri |first=Lorenzo |date=2024 |title=Moving opportunities: The impact of mixed-income public housing regenerations on student achievement |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272723002359 |journal=Journal of Public Economics |volume=230 |doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105053 |issn=0047-2727|hdl=10023/28948 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In Chicago, among neighborhood public schools located in areas that did undergo gentrification, one study found that schools experience no aggregate academic benefit from the socioeconomic changes occurring around them,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keels |first1=Micere |last2=Burdick–Will |first2=Julia |last3=Keene |first3=Sara |title=The Effects of Gentrification on Neighborhood Public Schools |journal=City & Community |date=September 2013 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=238–259 |doi=10.1111/cico.12027 |s2cid=142557937 }}</ref> despite improvements in other public services such street repair, sanitation, policing, and firefighting. The lack of gentrification-related benefits to schools may be related to the finding that white gentrifiers often do not enroll their children in local neighborhood public schools.<ref name="Pearman2020">{{cite journal |last1=Pearman |first1=Francis A. |date=February 2020 |title=Gentrification, Geography, and the Declining Enrollment of Neighborhood Schools |journal=Urban Education |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=183–215 |doi=10.1177/0042085919884342 |s2cid=210278171}}</ref>

Programs and policies designed to attract gentrifying families to historically disinvested schools may have unintended negative consequences, including an unbalanced landscape of influence wherein the voices and priorities of more affluent parents are privileged over those of lower-income families.<ref>Cucchiara, M. (2013). Marketing Schools, Marketing Cities: Who wins and who loses when schools become urban amenities. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.</ref> In addition, rising enrollment of higher-income families in neighborhood schools can result in the political and cultural displacement of long-term residents in school decision-making processes and the loss of Title I funding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Freidus |first1=Alexandra |title='A Great School Benefits Us All': Advantaged Parents and the Gentrification of an Urban Public School |journal=Urban Education |date=October 2019 |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1121–1148 |doi=10.1177/0042085916636656 |s2cid=147178285 }}</ref> Notably, the expansion of school choice (e.g., charter schools, magnet schools, open enrollment policies) have been found to significantly increase the likelihood that college-educated white households gentrify low-income communities of color.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pearman |first1=Francis A. |last2=Swain |first2=Walker A. |title=School Choice, Gentrification, and the Variable Significance of Racial Stratification in Urban Neighborhoods |journal=Sociology of Education |date=July 2017 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=213–235 |doi=10.1177/0038040717710494 |s2cid=149108889 }}</ref>