Editing Gender-affirming surgery (section)

== History ==
Reports of people seeking gender-confirming surgery (vaginoplasty) go back to the 2nd century, such as Roman Emperor [[Elagabalus]].<ref name="Smith-Han">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Smith S, Han J |date=1 April 2019 |title=The trans-formation of gender confirming surgery: a brief history |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=201 |issue=4S |page=e244 |doi=10.1097/01.JU.0000555394.71572.8e |s2cid=149966616|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | veditors = Goldberg AE, Beemyn G |date=2021 |chapter=Ancient and Medieval Times |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies |publisher=SAGE Publishing |page=32 |doi=10.4135/9781544393858.n188 |isbn=978-1-5443-9381-0 |s2cid=242422061}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
In the US in 1917, [[Alan L. Hart]], an American tuberculosis specialist, became one of the first trans men to undergo [[hysterectomy]] and [[gonadectomy]] as treatment of what is now called gender dysphoria.<ref name="Munro_20182">{{Cite web | vauthors = Munro D |title=Trans Media Watch |url=http://www.transmediawatch.org/timeline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218150249/http://transmediawatch.org/timeline.html |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

[[Dora Richter]] is the first known trans woman to undergo complete male-to-female genital surgery. She was one of several transgender people in the care of sexologist [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] at Berlin's [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft|Institute for Sexual Research]]. In 1922, Richter underwent orchiectomy. In early 1931, a penectomy, followed in June by vaginoplasty.<ref name="Munro_20182" /><ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Mancini E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWXFAAAAQBAJ&q=Dora+Richter+1930+Hirschfeld&pg=PA70 |title=Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement |date=8 November 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-11439-5 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=696313936}}</ref> 

In 1930-1931, [[Lili Elbe]] underwent four sex reassignment surgeries, including orchiectomy, an [[ovarian transplant]], and penectomy. In June 1931, she underwent her fourth surgery, including an experimental [[uterine transplant]] and vaginoplasty, which she hoped would allow her to give birth. However, her body rejected the transplanted uterus, and she died of post-operative complications in September, at age 48.<ref name="Harrod, 2015">{{Cite news | vauthors = Harrod H |date=8 December 2015 |title=The tragic true story behind ''The Danish Girl'' |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/the-danish-girl/true-story-lili-elbe-transgender/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421213437/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/the-danish-girl/true-story-lili-elbe-transgender/ |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2015 |title=Lili Elbe |url=https://www.biography.com/artist/lili-elbe |access-date=25 September 2022 |website=Biography.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16778 |title=Man into Woman: an authentic record of a change of sex | location = London | publisher = Jarrold Publisher's |year=1933 | veditors = Hoyer N |page=128}}</ref>

A previous sex reassignment surgery patient was Magnus Hirschfeld's [[Housekeeper (domestic worker)|housekeeper]],<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Hirschfeld M |title=Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft |year=1908 |author-link=Magnus Hirschfeld}}</ref> but their name has not been discovered.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

[[Elmer Belt]] may have been the first U.S. surgeon to perform gender affirmation surgery, in about 1950.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Meyerowitz J |title=How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |page=214}}</ref>

In 1951, [[Harold Gillies]], a plastic surgeon active in World War II, worked to develop the first technique for [[female-to-male gender-affirming surgery]], producing a technique that has become a modern standard, called [[phalloplasty]].<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Roach M |date=18 March 2007 |title=Girls Will Be Boys |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/review/Roach.t.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505010658/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/review/Roach.t.html |archive-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> Phalloplasty is a cosmetic procedure that produces a visual penis out of grafted tissue from the patient.

In 1971, [[Roberto Farina Case|Roberto Farina]] performed Brazil's first male-to-female gender-affirming surgery.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Monstro, prostituta, bichinha': como a Justiça condenou a 1ª cirurgia de mudança de sexo do Brasil |language=pt-BR |work=BBC News Brasil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-43561187 |access-date=2023-10-25}}</ref>

In [[1984]], [[Jalma Jurado]] developed a new surgical technique, which he used in surgeries for more than 500 [[trans women]] in Brazil and from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-22 |title=<nowiki>}} Revista Tpm</nowiki> |url=http://revistatpm.uol.com.br/75/perfil_luciana/02.htm |access-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030230/http://revistatpm.uol.com.br/75/perfil_luciana/02.htm |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref>

Following phalloplasty, in 1999, the procedure for [[metoidioplasty]] was developed for female-to-male surgical transition by the doctors Lebovic and Laub.<ref name="Djordjevic_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Djordjevic ML, Stanojevic D, Bizic M, Kojovic V, Majstorovic M, Vujovic S, Milosevic A, Korac G, Perovic SV | title = Metoidioplasty as a single stage sex reassignment surgery in female transsexuals: Belgrade experience | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 1306–1313 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19175859 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01065.x }}</ref> Considered a variant of phalloplasty, metoidioplasty works to create a penis out of the patient's present clitoris. This allows the patient to have a sensation-perceiving penis head.<ref name="Djordjevic_2009" /> Metoidioplasty may be used in conjunction with phalloplasty to produce a larger, more "[[Cisgender|cis]]-appearing" penis in multiple stages.<ref name="Djordjevic_2009" />

=== 21st century ===
On 12 June 2003, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled in favor of Carola van Kück, a German trans woman whose insurance company denied her reimbursement for sex reassignment surgery as well as [[Feminizing hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]]. The legal arguments related to the [[Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights]] as well as the [[Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights|Article 8]]. This affair is called ''van Kück vs Germany''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2003 |title=European Court of Human Rights – Third Section – Case of Van Kück v. Germany |url=https://www.menschenrechte.ac.at/orig/03_3/Kuck.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309041447/https://www.menschenrechte.ac.at/orig/03_3/Kuck.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2021 |access-date=23 May 2021 | work = Österreichisches Institut für Menschenrechtet | trans-work = Austrian Institute for Human Rights }}</ref>

In 2011, [[Christiane Völling]] won the first successful case brought by an [[intersex]] person against a surgeon for non-consensual surgical intervention described by the [[International Commission of Jurists]] as "an example of an individual who was subjected to sex reassignment surgery without full knowledge or consent".<ref name="icj2">{{Cite web |last=International Commission of Jurists |title=SOGI Casebook Introduction, Chapter six: Intersex |url=http://www.icj.org/sogi-casebook-introduction/chapter-six-intersex/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507231116/https://www.icj.org/sogi-casebook-introduction/chapter-six-intersex/ |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref>

{{As of|2017|post=,}} some European countries require forced sterilization for the legal recognition of sex reassignment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.H. |date=1 September 2017 |title=Why transgender people are being sterilized in some European countries |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains |url-status=live |access-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901233033/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains |archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> {{As of|2020|}}, Japan also requires an individual to undergo sterilization to change their legal sex.<ref name="Human_Rights Watch_2019">{{Cite news |date=19 March 2019 |title=A Really High Hurdle |language=en |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/03/19/really-high-hurdle/japans-abusive-transgender-legal-recognition-process |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022154815/https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/03/19/really-high-hurdle/japans-abusive-transgender-legal-recognition-process |archive-date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

The early history of gender-affirming surgery in trans people has been reviewed by various authors.<ref name="pmid4902840">{{cite journal | vauthors = Edgerton MT, Knorr NJ, Callison JR | title = The surgical treatment of transsexual patients. Limitations and indications | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–46 | date = January 1970 | pmid = 4902840 | doi = 10.1097/00006534-197001000-00006 | s2cid = 27318408 }}</ref><ref name="pmid5726922">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoopes JE, Knorr NJ, Wolf SR | title = Transsexualism: considerations regarding sexual reassignment | journal = The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | volume = 147 | issue = 5 | pages = 510–516 | date = November 1968 | pmid = 5726922 | doi = 10.1097/00005053-196811000-00007 | s2cid = 22252676 }}</ref>