Editing Garden (section)

=== Europe ===
[[Image:Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei vetii di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01.JPG|thumb|Reconstruction of the garden at the [[House of the Vettii]] in [[Pompeii]].]]
[[Gardening]] was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the mid 16th century when it entered the political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic". Evoking utopian imagery of the [[Garden of Eden]], a time of abundance and plenty where humans didn't know hunger or the conflicts that arose from property disputes. [[John Evelyn]] wrote in the early 17th century, "there is not a more laborious life then is that of a good Gard'ners; but a labour full of tranquility and satisfaction; Natural and Instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to Piety and Contemplation."<ref>Samson, Alexander. ''Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance'', 2012 :6</ref> During the era of [[Enclosures]], the agrarian collectivism of the [[feudalism|feudal age]] was idealized in literary "fantasies of liberating regression to garden and wilderness".<ref>Samson, Alexander. ''Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance'', 2012 :8</ref>

==== France ====
Following his campaign in Italy in 1495, where he saw the gardens and castles of Naples, King [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] brought Italian craftsmen and [[garden designer]]s, such as [[Pacello da Mercogliano]], from Naples and ordered the construction of Italian-style gardens at his residence at the [[Château d'Amboise]] and at Château Gaillard, another private résidence in Amboise. His successor [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], who had also travelled to Italy and had met [[Leonardo da Vinci]], created an Italian garden nearby at the [[Château de Blois]].<ref>Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12</ref> Beginning in 1528, King [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] created new gardens at the [[Château de Fontainebleau]], which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from [[Provence]], and the first artificial grotto in France.<ref>Philippe Prevot, ''Histoire des jardins'', pg. 107</ref> The [[Château de Chenonceau]] had two gardens in the new style, one created for [[Diane de Poitiers]] in 1551, and a second for [[Catherine de' Medici]] in 1560.<ref>Prevot, ''Histoire des Jardins'', 114</ref> In 1536, the architect [[Philibert de l'Orme]], upon his return from Rome, created the gardens of the [[Château d'Anet]] following the Italian rules of proportion. The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples of the classic French garden.<ref name="jeannel">Bernard Jeannel, ''[[Le Nôtre]]'', Éd. Hazan, p. 17</ref>

The [[French formal garden]] ({{langx|fr|jardin à la française}}) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden ({{langx|fr|jardin à l'anglaise}}) namely, to "force nature" instead of leaving it undisturbed.<ref name="Princeton Architectural Press">{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Allan |title=Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics |date=1995 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=9781568980508 |page=15}}</ref> Typical French formal gardens had "parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary", in contrast to the English style of garden in which "plants and shrubs seem to grow naturally without artifice."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=15}}</ref> By the mid-17th century [[axial symmetry]] had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of [[Andre Mollet]] and [[Jacques Boyceau]], from which the latter wrote: "All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry."<ref name=hayes/> A good example of the French formal style are the [[Tuileries Garden|Tuileries gardens]] in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century. The gardens were redesigned into the formal French style for the [[Sun King|Sun King Louis XIV]]. The gardens were ordered into symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, clipped hedgerows, along with parterres, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=29}}</ref>

The [[French landscape garden]] was influenced by the English landscape garden and gained prominence in the late eighteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Calder |first1=Martin |title=Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century |date=2006 |publisher=Lang |isbn=9783039102914 |page=9}}</ref><ref name="Princeton Architectural Press"/>

==== United Kingdom ====
Before the [[Grand Manner]] era, a few significant gardens were found in Britain which were developed under the influence of the continent. Britain's homegrown domestic gardening traditions were mostly practical in purpose, rather than aesthetic, unlike the grand gardens found mostly on castle grounds and less commonly in universities. Tudor Gardens emphasized contrast rather than transitions, distinguished by color and illusion. They were not intended as a complement to home or architecture, but conceived as independent spaces, arranged to grow and display flowers and ornamental plants. Gardeners demonstrated their artistry in [[knot garden]]s, with complex arrangements most commonly included interwoven [[Buxus|box hedge]]s, and less commonly fragrant herbs like [[rosemary]]. Sanded paths run between the hedgings of open knots whereas closed knots were filled with single colored flowers. The knot and [[parterre]] gardens were always placed on level ground, and elevated areas reserved for terraces from which the intricacy of the gardens could be viewed.<ref name="hayes">{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=Gordon |title=Landscape and Garden Design: Lessons from History |date=2013 |publisher=Whittle |isbn=978-1849950824 |pages=1–3}}</ref>

Jacobean gardens were described as "a delightful confusion" by [[Henry Wotton]] in 1624. Under the influence of the [[Italian Renaissance]], Caroline gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, marking the beginning of a trends towards symmetrical unified designs that took the building architecture into account, and featuring an elevated terrace from which home and garden could be viewed. The only surviving Caroline garden is located at [[Bolsover Castle]] in [[Derbyshire]], but is too simple to attract much interest. During the reign of [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]], many new [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style country houses were built; while in England Oliver Cromwell sought to destroy many Tudor, Jacobean and Caroline style gardens.<ref name=hayes/>