Editing Fritillaria (section)

=== History ===
==== Pre-Linnaean ====

[[John Gerard|Gerard]] (1597) states that ''Fritillaria'' was unknown to the [[classical antiquity|ancients]],{{sfn|Gerard|1597}} but certainly it was appearing in the writings of sixteenth century European botanists, including [[Dodoens]] (1574, 1583),{{sfn|Dodoens|1574}}{{sfn|Dodonaei|1583}} [[Lobelius]] (1576, 1581),{{sfn|l'Obel|1576}}{{sfn|l'Obel|1581}} and [[Carolus Clusius|Clusius]] (1583){{sfn|Clusius|1583}} in addition to Gerard, and was mentioned by [[Shakespeare]] and other authors of the period (see [[#Culture|Culture]]).{{sfn|Scarry|2016}} Species of Fritillaria were known in Persia (Iran) in the sixteenth century, from where they were taken to Turkey. European travelers then brought back specimens together with many other exotic eastern plants to the developing [[botanical gardens]] of Europe.<ref name=Pavord11/> By the middle of the sixteenth century there was already a flourishing export trade of various bulbs from Turkey to Europe.{{sfn|Pavord|1999}} In Persia, the first mention in the literature was by Hakim Mo'men Tonekabon in his ''Tohfe Al-Mo'menin'' in 1080 [[Hijri year|AH]] ({{circa|1669}} AD), who described the medicinal properties of ''F. imperialis'' (''laleh sarnegoun'').{{sfn|Bonyadi et al|2017}}

European fritillaries were documented in the wild amongst the [[Loire]] meadows in 1570 by Noël Capperon,{{efn|Noel Capperon (Natalis Caperon), was one of the victims of the [[St Bartholomew's Day massacre]] of [[Huguenots]] in Orleans in 1572. Although not formally trained in botany, he had an international reputation. In the late 1560s, [[Thomas Penny]], the English naturalist, came to visit him and study plant physiology.{{sfn|Egmond|2010}}}} an [[Orléans]] [[apothecary]]. He mentioned them to [[Carolus Clusius|Clusius]] in correspondence in 1571, and sent him a specimen of ''F. meleagris''. He also corresponded with Dodoens.{{sfn|Franchet|1885}} Capperon suggested the name Fritillaria to Clusius, rather than the vernacular variegated lily (''Lilium ou bulbum variegatum''). He stated that the flower was known locally as Fritillaria because of a resemblance to the board used in playing checkers.{{efn|Letter from Capperon to Clusius, December 12, 1571: ''fritillaria ainsi appelions nous la plante que vous demandez pour ce les merques ou taches rouges et blanches sont que cees et posees en ordre comme sont celles de noz damiers et eschiquers aucunes pour ceste raison mesme luy donnent ces noms comme pyrgoides ou rhomboydes. Latruncularium''.{{sfn|Capperon|1571}} ''Dames'' is the French word for [[Checkers]] or Draughts}} In recognition of this, the [[botanical authority]] is sometimes written ''Fritillaria'' (Caperon) L.{{sfn|Griffiths|2015}}{{sfn|Raven|1947}}{{sfn|Egmond|2010}}

The first account in a botanical text is by Dodoens in his ''Purgantium'' (1574){{sfn|Dodoens|1574}} and in more detail in ''Stirpium'' (1583).{{sfn|Dodonaei|1583}} In the ''Purgantium'', Dodoens describes and illustrates ''F. meleagris'' as ''Meleagris flos'', without mentioning Capperon.<ref name=DodoPurg395/> He was also aware, through having been sent a picture, of ''F. imperialis'', and decided to include it as well, without making a connection. His term for ''F. imperialis'' was ''Corona imperialis''.<ref name=DodoPurg472/>{{sfn|Griffiths|2015}}

Consequently, Lobelius, in his ''Plantarum'' (1576), gives Dodoens the credit for describing ''F. meleagris''. He used the word "Fritillaria" for the first time, describing ''F. meleagris'', which he considered to belong to the ''Lilio-Narcissus'' plants, including tulips. The term ''Lilio-Narcissus'' refers to an appearance of having lily-like flowers, but a [[narcissus (plant)|narcissus]]-like bulb. He called it ''Fritillaria'' ([[synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] ''Lilio-Narcissus purpurens variegatus'' or ''Meleagris flos Dodonaei'').<ref name=LobPlant65/> Lobelius also included amongst the lilies, but not as ''Fritillaria'', ''Corona imperialis'' which he mentions originated in Turkey and added what he referred to as ''Lilium persicum'' (''[[Fritillaria persica]]'').<ref name=LobPlant86/> In his later [[vernacular]] ''Kruydtboeck'' (1581) he described two species he considered related, Fritillaria ''Lilio-Narcissus purpurens variegatus'' and ''Lilio-Narcissus variegatus atropurpureus Xanctonicus''. He acknowledged that the plant had originally been found near Orleans and then sent to the Netherlands. ''Fritillaria is ook een soort van lelie narcis die de oorsprong heeft uit het land van Orléans van waar dat ze gebracht is in Nederland''.{{efn|Lobelius: Fritillaria is also a type of lily narcissus that originates from the land of Orléans from where it was brought to the Netherlands}} In his own language he referred to it as ''Fritillaria of heel bruin gespikkelde Lelie-Narcisse''.{{efn|Fritillaria, or the very brown speckled lily-narcissus}}<ref name=LobKru169/>{{sfn|Volkoomen|2017}} He also included ''Corona imperialis'' and ''Lilium persicum'' as before.<ref name=LobKru209/>

Dodoens had proposed the name ''Meleagris flos'' or [[Guinea-fowl]] flower, for what we now know as ''[[Fritillaria meleagris]]'', after a resemblance to that bird's spotted plumage, then known as ''Meleagris avis''. In the seventeenth century, [[John Parkinson (botanist)|John Parkinson]] provided an account of twelve species of what he referred to as ''Fritillaria'' - the checkered daffodil, in his ''Paradisus'' (1635), correctly placing it as closest to the [[lilies]]. He provides his version of Capperon's discovery, and suggests that some feel he should be honoured with the name ''Narcissus Caparonium''.{{sfn|Parkinson|1635}} Often when these exotic new plants entered the English language literature they lacked common names in the language. While [[Henry Lyte (botanist)|Henry Lyte]] can only describe ''F. meleagris'' as ''Flos meleagris'', ''Fritillaria'' or ''lilionarcissus'', it appears that it was [[Shakespeare]] who applied the common name of "chequered".{{sfn|Jacobson|2014}}

Although Clausius had corresponded with Capperon in 1571, he did not publish his account of European flora (other than Spain) till his ''Rariorum Pannoniam'' of 1583, where he gives an account of Capperon's discovery, noting the names, Fritillaria, Meleagris and Lilium variegatum. However he did not consider ''F. imperialis'' or ''F. persica'' to be related, calling both of them ''Lilium'', ''Lilium persicum'' and ''Lilium susianum'' respectively.{{sfn|Clusius|1583}}

==== Post-Linnaean ====

Although the first formal description is attributed to [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] in 1694,{{sfn|Tournefort|1694}}{{sfn|Tournefort|1719}} by convention, the first valid formal description is by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], in his ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' (1753),.{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}} Therefore, the [[botanical authority]] is given as ''Tourn. ex L.''.{{sfn|WCSP|2017}} Linnaeus identified five known species of ''Fritillaria'', and grouped them in his ''Hexandria Monogynia'' (six [[stamens]]+one [[pistil]]), his [[Linnaen system|system]] being based on sexual characteristics. These characteristics defined the core group of the family Liliaceae for a long time. Linnaeus' original species were ''[[Fritillaria imperialis|F. imperialis]]'', ''F. regia'' (now ''[[Eucomis|Eucomis regia]]''), ''[[Fritillaria persica|F. persica]]'', ''[[Fritillaria pyrenaica|F. pyrenaica]]'' and ''[[Fritillaria meleagris|F. meleagris]]''. The [[family (biology)|family]] Liliaceae was first described by [[Michel Adanson]] in 1763, placing ''Fritillaria'' in section Lilia of that family, but also considering ''Imperialis'' as a separate genus to ''Fritillaria'', together with five other genera.<ref name=adansonLilia/> The formal description of the family is attributed to [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1789, who included eight genera, including ''Imperialis'', in his Lilia.<ref name=jussieuLilia/>

Although the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of Liliaceae and its subdivisions have undergone considerable revision over the ensuing centuries, the close relationship between ''Fritillaria'' and ''Lilium'' the [[type genus]] of the family, have ensured that the former has remained part of the core group, which constitutes the modern much-reduced family. For instance, [[Bentham and Hooker]] (1883),{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1862–1883}} placed ''Fritillaria'' and ''[[Lilium]]'' in Liliaceae tribe [[Tulipeae]], together with five other genera.