Editing French Revolution (section)

=== Political divisions ===
The period from October 1789 to spring 1791 is usually seen as one of relative tranquility, when some of the most important legislative reforms were enacted. However, conflict over the source of legitimate authority was more apparent in the provinces, where officers of the {{Lang|fr|Ancien Régime}} had been swept away but not yet replaced by new structures. This was less obvious in Paris, since the National Guard made it the best policed city in Europe, but disorder in the provinces inevitably affected members of the Assembly.{{Sfn|Scott|1975|pp=861–863}}

[[File:Federation.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|The {{Lang|fr|[[Fête de la Fédération]]}} on 14 July 1790 celebrated the establishment of the constitutional monarchy.]]

Centrists led by Sieyès, Lafayette, Mirabeau and Bailly created a majority by forging consensus with {{Lang|fr|[[monarchiens]]}} like Mounier, and independents including [[Adrien Duport]], [[Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave|Barnave]] and [[Alexandre Lameth]]. At one end of the political spectrum, [[Reactionary|reactionaries]] like [[Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès|Cazalès]] and [[Jean-Sifrein Maury|Maury]] denounced the Revolution in all its forms, with radicals like [[Maximilien Robespierre]] at the other. He and [[Jean-Paul Marat]] opposed the criteria for "active citizens", gaining them substantial support among the Parisian proletariat, many of whom had been disenfranchised by the measure.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|pp=498–499}}

On 14 July 1790, celebrations were held throughout France commemorating the fall of the Bastille, with participants swearing an oath of fidelity to "the nation, the law and the king." The {{Lang|fr|[[Fête de la Fédération]]}} in Paris was attended by the royal family, with Talleyrand performing a [[mass (liturgy)|mass]]. Despite this show of unity, the Assembly was increasingly divided, while external players like the Paris Commune and National Guard competed for power. One of the most significant was the Jacobin club; originally a forum for general debate, by August 1790 it had over 150 members, split into different factions.{{Sfn|Schama|1989|pp=527–529}}

The Assembly continued to develop new institutions; in September 1790, the regional {{Lang|fr|Parlements}} were abolished and their legal functions replaced by a new independent judiciary, with [[jury trial]]s for criminal cases. However, moderate deputies were uneasy at popular demands for universal suffrage, labour unions and cheap bread, and over the winter of 1790 and 1791, they passed a series of measures intended to disarm popular radicalism. These included exclusion of poorer citizens from the National Guard, limits on use of petitions and posters, and the June 1791 [[Le Chapelier Law 1791|Le Chapelier Law]] suppressing trade guilds and any form of worker organisation.{{Sfn|Tackett|2003|p=478}}

The traditional force for preserving law and order was the army, which was increasingly divided between officers, who largely came from the nobility, and ordinary soldiers. In August 1790, the loyalist General [[François Claude Amour, marquis de Bouillé|Bouillé]] suppressed a serious mutiny at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]; although congratulated by the Assembly, he was criticised by Jacobin radicals for the severity of his actions. Growing disorder meant many professional officers either left or became émigrés, further destabilising the institution.{{Sfn|Doyle|2009|pp=334–336}}