Editing Fortifications of Cairo (section)

== Citadel ==
{{Main|Cairo Citadel}}
[[File:Cairo Citadel northeast towers DSCF8861.jpg|thumb|Inside the northern enclosure of the [[Cairo Citadel]], whose walls still largely date from the Ayyubid period (late 12th and early 13th centuries).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raymond |first=André |title=Le Caire |publisher=Fayard |year=1993 |isbn=9782213029832 |pages=93–95 |language=fr}}</ref> Other parts of the Citadel were repeatedly modified in later periods.]]
In 1176, the construction of the [[Cairo Citadel]] began under Saladin's orders.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Yeomans |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNVBbTuPcPkC |title=The Art and Architecture of Islamic Cairo |publisher=Garnet Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85964-154-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=107}} It was to become the center of government in Egypt until the 19th century, with expansions and renovations.<ref name=":03" /> The Citadel was completed under sultan [[Al-Kamil]] (r. 1218–1238).<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=|pages=109–110}} All of al-Kamil's fortifications can be identified by their embossed, rusticated masonry, whereas Saladin's towers have smooth dressed stones. This heavier rustic style became a common feature in other Ayyubid fortifications.<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|page=111}} As the Citadel remained the center of government for Egypt for centuries, it underwent multiple renovations and expansions, notably in the [[Mamluk period]] (13th to early 16th centuries) and under the rule of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Rabat |first=Nasser O. |title=The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1995}}</ref>

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