Editing Foreign relations of Senegal (section)

== Intergovernmental Organizations ==

=== ECOWAS ===
Senegal is a Zone A member of [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] since its formation in 1975 with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos and the largest contributor of troops in the [[Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group|Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal's place in ECOWAS |url=https://www.presidence.sn/en/newsroom/senegals-place-in-ecowas_1122 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.presidence.sn |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418114519/https://www.presidence.sn/en/newsroom/senegals-place-in-ecowas_1122 }}</ref> According to the ECOWAS official website, Senegal's affairs in ECOWAS are currently overseen by Madame [[Aïssata Tall Sall|Aissata Tall Sall]], Senegal's Foreign Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal {{!}} Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) |url=https://ecowas.int/member-states/senegal/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=ecowas.int |archive-date=February 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221061111/https://ecowas.int/member-states/senegal/ }}</ref> Senegal holds 6 seats in ECOWAS's Community Parliament, which assigns seats based on member states' populations.

The [[Trans–West African Coastal Highway|Trans-West African Coastal Highway]] was an ECOWAS project which made significant infrastructure developments that connected Senegals' Capital, Dakar, to other major cities in the surrounding region, such as Lagos in [[Nigeria]] and Nouakchott in [[Mauritania]]. Additionally, ECOWAS oversaw the construction of a 1.9&nbsp;km [[Senegambia bridge|bridge]] connecting Senegal to its interior neighbor, the Gambia, and has begun plans to construct a bridge connecting Mauritania and Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-26 |title=Gambia and Senegal finally inaugurate connecting bridge |url=https://apnews.com/article/44fdf33eb04242cc80b64a19c191a350 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Dakar and Nouakchott to be linked by Rosso bridge |url=http://apanews.net/en/news/dakar-and-nouakchott-to-be-linked-by-rosso-bridge |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=apanews.net |date=January 13, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Not only did these projects expand Senegal's physical infrastructure and access to its neighbors, but they are projected by officials to be prosperous for economic development through trade expansion.<ref name=":22" />

On July 10, 2014, ECOWAS member states agreed to begin an [[Economic partnership agreement|economic partnership agreement (EPA)]] with the [[European Union|EU]]. The implementation of the EPA, along with the adoption of a [[common external tariff]] (CET) for ECOWAS members, impacted the Senegalese economy's ability to levy custom tariffs on EU imports, thus reducing revenue collected by the Senegalese government, but increasing remuneration in the formal Senegalese labor market.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |last1=Mboup |first1=Sokhna Diarra |last2=Baldé |first2=Racky |last3=Diallo |first3=Thierno Malick |last4=Emini |first4=Christian Arnault |date=2016-12-01 |title=The Impact of Trade Reforms on Employment and Welfare in ECOWAS Countries: The Case of Senegal |language=en |ssrn=3164364}}</ref>

==== Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998) ====
Senegal contributed about 2,000 troops upon the request of President Joao Bernardo Vieira of Guinea-Bissau for support during the [[Guinea-Bissau Civil War]]. The contribution of Senegalese troops to the Civil War also served to benefit Senegalese national interests because Vieira's government was at risk of being replaced in a coup attempt by Ansumane Mane. Mane was believed to be sending weapons  to [[Casamance]] separatists, who are a secessionist group in the southwestern region of Senegal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Francis |first=David J. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315235332/uniting-africa-david-francis |title=Uniting Africa: Building Regional Peace and Security Systems |date=2016-12-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-23533-2 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315235332}}</ref> In November 1998, Senegal abided by the conclusion of the ECOWAS authority to withdraw Senegalese and Guinean troops from the intervention and instead allow the other ECOWAS nations to contribute armed forces in Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Sanae |date=2020-10-01 |title=Increasing ownership for intervention in ECOWAS |journal=African Security Review |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=364–375 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2020.1843508 |s2cid=229366566 |issn=1024-6029}}</ref>

==== The Gambia (2017) ====
[[ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia|ECOWAS militarily intervened in The Gambia]] in 2017 when [[Yahya Jammeh|Former Gambian President Yahya Jammeh]] refused to concede after losing the election that year, abbreviated as ECOMIG and code-named "Operation Restore Democracy". The Senegalese Foreign Minister first brought this concern to the [[United Nations Security Council|U.N. Security Council]] in an emergency meeting ([[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2337|UNSC Resolution 2337]]). The resolution called for a peaceful resolution to the Gambian presidential crisis and passed unanimously; ECOWAS military forces, led by a Senegalese commander, entered the Gambia following the resolution's passage.<ref name=":32">{{Cite thesis |degree=Bachelor |last=Jawla |first=Famara Wassa |date=2020-03-23 |title=Factors That Influence Senegal's Proposal To Endorse Ecowas Military Intervention In The Gambia 2016-2018 |publisher=State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta |url=https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/56860 |language=en-US}}</ref> Senegal's armed forces played an active role in this military intervention and had a vested political interest in Jammeh stepping down; [[Adama Barrow]], the current Gambian president, was sworn into his presidential office in the [[Gambian embassy]] in Dakar, Senegal for fear of his safety.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-19 |title=Gambia crisis: Senegal sends in troops to back elected leader |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38682184 |access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref> Additionally, Jammeh was a cause of concern because his alleged aid to [[Casamance]] separatists in Senegal.<ref name=":32" /> Conflicts between pro-Jammeh forces and the Senegalese armed forces produced refugee flows into Senegal and Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Senegal: Around 45,000 have fled political uncertainty in The Gambia |url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2017/1/5881deb74/senegal-around-45000-fled-political-uncertainty-gambia.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=UNHCR |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mali Federation (1959–60) ===
Senegal was an active member of the [[Mali Federation]] during its existence from 1959 to 1960. Along with [[French Sudan]], Senegal advocated for the union of French-speaking West African nations, including the proposal of the union's name, and was a key contributor in its creation.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa |orig-date=1964 |date=2019 |editor=James S. Coleman |editor2=Carl G. Rosberg |isbn=978-0-520-31175-6 |location=Berkeley, CA |oclc=1149456625}}</ref> The formation of the Federation reflected a desire to prevent AOF ([[French West Africa|Afrique Occidentale Française]], or French West Africa) from fragmenting — the constitution writing process was led by [[Léopold Sédar Senghor|Leopold Senghor]] and [[Modibo Keïta|Modibo Keita]], the first presidents of Senegal and Mali, respectively.<ref name=":422"/>

In 1960, Senegalese and Malian interests conflicted when Senghor became a candidate for the presidency of the Federation and Keita responded by declaring a state of emergency. On August 20, Senegal left the Mali Federation. The Federation subsequently dissolved.<ref name=":422" />

=== Senegambian Confederation (1981-89) ===
The [[Senegambia Confederation|Senegambian Confederation]], comprising [[The Gambia]] and Senegal, was established in 1981 and dissolved in 1989. The Confederation was intended to promote security, political, and economic [[Senegambia|unity between the two]] countries, and in the vision of the [[Abdou Diouf|Senegalese government]], an eventual integration of the countries, to which The Gambia resisted.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Hughes |first=Arnold |date=1992-07-01 |title=The collapse of the Senegambian confederation |journal=The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=200–222 |doi=10.1080/14662049208447632 |issn=0306-3631}}</ref> The Confederation's disestablishment was initiated by the abrupt withdrawal of [[Armed Forces of Senegal|Senegalese troops]] from the Gambia, but ultimately was a culmination of multiple factors.<ref name=":5" />

=== CILSS ===
The Comité permanent Inter-États de Lutte contre La Sécheresse dans Le Sahel (CILSS) or the [[Permanent Interstate Committee for drought control in the Sahel|Permanent Interstates Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel]] is an international organization dedicated to combatting the effects of drought and [[desertification]] in the [[Sahel]] region of Africa.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |title=CILSS - Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel |url=http://portails.cilss.bf/spip.php?rubrique41 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=portails.cilss.bf |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518103031/http://portails.cilss.bf/spip.php?rubrique41 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Founded in 1973 after major droughts across the Sahel, CILSS has worked to uphold the work of ECOWAS in ensuring food and energy security, to educate local engineers on more sustainable development practices, to provide information on ongoing environmental problems, and to research the effects of climate change and desertification.<ref name=":222" /> While originally consisting of 13 mostly Francophone West African nations including Senegal, the organization was integrated into ECOWAS, expanding to a total of 17 members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2021 |title=USAID/West Africa and Permanent Interstate Committee Drought Control Sahel (CILSS) |url=https://www.usaid.gov/west-africa-regional/documents/usaidwest-africa-and-permanent-interstate-committee-drought-control-sahel-cilss |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=[[USAID]] |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512211804/https://www.usaid.gov/west-africa-regional/documents/usaidwest-africa-and-permanent-interstate-committee-drought-control-sahel-cilss }}</ref>

Senegal is one of the founding members of CILSS and one of its biggest contributors<ref name=":222" /> The nation and Senegalese President [[Macky Sall]] has been leaders in development projects like "2iS" or the "Sahel Irrigation Initiative" which would create a network of irrigation infrastructure across the Sahel belt to support water-insecure areas.<ref name=":222" />

=== African and Malagasy Common Organization (1961-1985) ===
The [[African and Malagasy Common Organization]] or the Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache (OCAM) was an international organization that encompassed much of [[French West Africa|Francophone West]] and [[Central Africa]] and [[Madagascar]] from 1961 to 1985.<ref name=":3222"/> It was originally established as the [[African and Malagasy Union|Union Africaine et Malgache]] in 1961, with the support of France, for the purpose of greater economic, political, and social integration of French-speaking West Africa.<ref name=":3222"/> At its height from 1961 to 1973, the organization included 14-15 members and changed names several times before finally settling on the African, Malagasy, and Mauritian Common Organization (OCAMM).<ref name=":3222"/><ref name=":522">{{Cite journal |last=Ekue |first=Albert |date=1968 |title=L'Organisation Commune Africaine et Malgache |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=421–425 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00017547 |jstor=159312 |s2cid=154661552 |issn=0022-278X}}</ref> After 1973, member states began to leave the organization because of the lack of substantive work and integration of its governing bodies, especially following the establishment of the [[Organisation of African Unity|Organization of African Unity]] (later the African Union) in 1963 which had a broader Pan-African focus and mandate.<ref name=":3222"/>

Senegal was a member of OCAM from its founding to its eventual dissolution in 1985 and was instrumental in its development. President Senghor, in particular, was a major supporter of the organization because of his policy of " la Francophonie" or the integration of French-speaking Africa.<ref name=":522" /> Senegal remains a member of several of the institutions that were initially created by the Conference of Heads of State while OCAM was still functional, including the African and Malagasy Council on Higher Education (CAMES).<ref name=":3222"/>

=== OMVG ===
Senegal is one of the two founding members of the Organization pour la Mise en Valeur de la Fleuve Gambie (OMVG), also known as the Organization for the Development of the Gambia River Basin.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Indemnisation du Plan d'Action de Réinstallation des Postes du Sénégal {{!}} Site Web du Projet Energie OMVG |url=https://www.pe-omvg.org/node/82 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.pe-omvg.org |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428043710/https://www.pe-omvg.org/node/82 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its other members include [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], and [[Guinea]]. The objective of the organization is to ensure the proper management and shared usage of water resources in the Gambia and Geba River Basins across the borders of member states.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Multinational - Projet de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau dans le Bassin Versant du Fleuve Kayanga-Geba |url=https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-Z1-EAZ-016 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=projectsportal.afdb.org}}</ref> The OMVG has become increasingly important in recent years due to climate change and conflicts between Senegal and Guinea-Bissau over water resources in the [[Geba River|Geba river]].<ref name=":72" /> One of its main projects is the usage of the river basin for hydro-electrification. Particularly in Southern Senegalese region of [[Kédougou Region|Kédougou]], the planned construction of Sambangalou Hydroelectric Development (AHES) on the border of Guinea would provide power and greater agriculture potential to the area.<ref name=":62" />

=== OMVS ===
The Organization pour la Mise en Valeur de la Fleuve Sénégal ([[OMVS]]) or the Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Basin was established in 1972 and consists of four member states: Senegal, Guinea, Mali, and Mauritania.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |title=Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) |url=https://www.omvs.org/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=OMVS |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Former Senegalese President Senghor is considered one of the "founding fathers" of the organization.<ref name=":82" /> The goals of the OMVS are to promote the economic integration, development, and sustainability of the river basin which provides essential natural resources to member states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amar |first=M. Ould |date=1972 |title=L'Organisation Pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-law/article/abs/lorganisation-pour-la-mise-en-valeur-du-fleuve-senegal/8184F7F62A7AB157BB77CEDE9696ABDE |journal=Journal of African Law |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=299–303 |doi=10.1017/S0021855300011670 |s2cid=145461233 |issn=1464-3731}}</ref> Dakar, the capital of Senegal, relies on the Senegal river for 75% of its water usage.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Schmeier |first=Susanne |chapter=The Senegal River Basin and the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS): Benign Conditions, Deficient Effectiveness |date=2012-12-12 |title=Governing International Watercourses |pages=237–288 |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group |doi=10.4324/9780203105160 |isbn=978-0-203-10516-0}}</ref>

The OMVS has been an effective organization at developing the [[Senegal River Basin Development Authority|Senegal River Basin]], but have experienced diplomatic and environmental problems throughout its existence. The most serious of these conflicts was between Senegal and [[Mauritania]]. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, there were a series of violent clashes between Senegalese farmers and Mauritanian herders over scarce resources near the river.<ref name=":92" /> After the murder and expulsion of Senegalese farmers from Mauritania, troops from both countries were mobilized to the border and over 100 Mauritanians were killed in Dakar while the rest were expelled.<ref name=":92" /> The only remaining Mauritanians in Senegal were diplomats working for the OMVS which remained the only diplomatic relationship between Senegal and Mauritania at the time.<ref name=":92" /> This period almost saw the two countries go to war and cemented current tensions within the organization despite continuing plans for development and research.