Editing Filling station (section)

===Human health===
Gasoline contains a mixture of [[BTX (chemistry)|BTEX]] hydrocarbons ([[benzene]], [[toluene]], [[ethylbenzene]], [[xylenes]]). Prolonged exposure to toluene can cause permanent damage to the [[central nervous system]], and chlorinated solvents can cause liver and kidney problems.<ref name="Adipah 2019 pp. 1–9">{{cite journal | last=Adipah | first=Sylvia | title=Introduction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminants and its Human Effects | journal=Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health | publisher=Fortune Journals | volume=3 | issue=1 | date=2019-01-07 | pages=1–9 | url=https://www.fortuneonline.org/articles/introduction-of-petroleum-hydrocarbons-contaminants-and-its-human-effects.html | access-date=2023-09-28}}</ref> Benzene in particular causes [[leukemia]] and is associated with [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] and [[multiple myeloma]].<ref name="Hsieh Shearston Hilpert 2021 pp. 273–283">{{cite journal | last1=Hsieh | first1=Pei Yang | last2=Shearston | first2=Jenni A. | last3=Hilpert | first3=Markus | title=Benzene emissions from gas station clusters: a new framework for estimating lifetime cancer risk | journal=Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=2021-01-07 | issn=2052-336X | doi=10.1007/s40201-020-00601-w | pages=273–283| pmid=34150235 | pmc=8172828 | bibcode=2021JEHSE..19..273H }}</ref> People who work in filling stations, live near them, or attend school close to them are exposed to fumes and are at increased lifetime risk of cancer, with risk increased if there are multiple stations nearby.<ref name="Hsieh Shearston Hilpert 2021 pp. 273–283"/> There is some evidence that living near a filling station is a risk for [[childhood leukemia]].<ref name="Steinmaus Smith 2016 pp. 5–7">{{cite journal | last1=Steinmaus | first1=Craig | last2=Smith | first2=Martyn T. | title=Steinmaus and Smith Respond to "Proximity to Gasoline Stations and Childhood Leukemia" | journal=American Journal of Epidemiology | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=185 | issue=1 | date=2016-12-06 | issn=0002-9262 | doi=10.1093/aje/kww133 | pages=5–7| doi-access=free | pmid=27923799 | pmc=6267941 }}</ref><ref name="Malavolti Malagoli Filippini Wise 2023 pp. 771–782">{{cite journal | last1=Malavolti | first1=Marcella | last2=Malagoli | first2=Carlotta | last3=Filippini | first3=Tommaso | last4=Wise | first4=Lauren A | last5=Bellelli | first5=Alessio | last6=Palazzi | first6=Giovanni | last7=Cellini | first7=Monica | last8=Costanzini | first8=Sofia | last9=Teggi | first9=Sergio | last10=Vinceti | first10=Marco | title=Residential proximity to petrol stations and risk of childhood leukemia | journal=European Journal of Epidemiology | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=38 | issue=7 | date=2023-05-30 | issn=0393-2990 | doi=10.1007/s10654-023-01009-0 | pages=771–782| doi-access=free | pmid=37249787 | pmc=10275799 | hdl=11380/1312586 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> In addition to long-term exposure, there are bursts of short-term exposures to benzene when [[tanker truck]]s deliver fuel.<ref name="Canada.ca 2023 c663">{{cite web | title=Benzene releases from gasoline stations — Implications for human health | publisher = Health Canada | date=2023-03-10 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/benzene-releases-gasoline-stations-implications-human-health.html | access-date=2023-09-27}}</ref> 
High levels of benzene have been detected near stations across urban, suburban, and rural environments, though the causes (such as road traffic or congestion) can vary by location.<ref name="Karakitsios Delis Kassomenos Pilidis 2007 pp. 1889–1902">{{cite journal | last1=Karakitsios | first1=Spyros P. | last2=Delis | first2=Vasileios K. | last3=Kassomenos | first3=Pavlos A. | last4=Pilidis | first4=Georgios A. | title=Contribution to ambient benzene concentrations in the vicinity of petrol stations: Estimation of the associated health risk | journal=Atmospheric Environment | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=41 | issue=9 | year=2007 | issn=1352-2310 | doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.052 | pages=1889–1902| bibcode=2007AtmEn..41.1889K }}</ref>

Gas station attendants have suffered adverse health consequences depending on the type of fuel used, exposure to vehicle exhaust, and types of [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE) offered. Studies have noted higher levels of [[chromosomal deletion]]s<ref name="Santos-Mello Cavalcante 1992 pp. 285–290">{{cite journal | last1=Santos-Mello | first1=Renato | last2=Cavalcante | first2=Berenice | title=Cytogenetic studies on gas station attendants | journal=Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=280 | issue=4 | year=1992 | issn=0165-1218 | doi=10.1016/0165-1218(92)90059-9 | pages=285–290| pmid=1382230 }}</ref> and higher rates of [[miscarriage]],<ref name="Silvestre Delmonico Bravo Santiago 2017 pp. 730–734">{{cite journal | last1=Silvestre | first1=Rafaele T. | last2=Delmonico | first2=Lucas | last3=Bravo | first3=Maryah | last4=Santiago | first4=Fábio | last5=Scherrer | first5=Luciano R. | last6=Moreira | first6=Aline dos Santos | last7=Tabalipa | first7=Marianne | last8=Otero | first8=Ubirani | last9=Ornellas | first9=Maria Helena F. | last10=Alves | first10=Gilda | title=Health survey and assessment of the polymorphisms''BRCA1''/P871L,''BRCA1''/Q356R, and''BRCA2''/N372H in female gas station workers in Rio de Janeiro | journal=Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis | publisher=Wiley | volume=58 | issue=9 | date=2017-09-01 | issn=0893-6692 | doi=10.1002/em.22120 | pages=730–734| pmid=28862356 | bibcode=2017EnvMM..58..730S | s2cid=20739774 }}</ref> and workers have reported headaches, fatigue, throat irritation and depression.<ref name="Al-Harbi Alhajri AlAwadhi Whalen 2020 p. 117847">{{cite journal | last1=Al-Harbi | first1=Meshari | last2=Alhajri | first2=Ibrahim | last3=AlAwadhi | first3=AlAnood | last4=Whalen | first4=Joann K. | title=Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds | journal=Atmospheric Environment | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=241 | year=2020 | issn=1352-2310 | doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117847 | page=117847| bibcode=2020AtmEn.24117847A | s2cid=224870129 }}</ref> Exposure to exhaust and fumes has been associated with eye irritation, nausea, dizziness, and cough.<ref name="Johnson Umoren 2018 pp. 47–57">{{cite journal | last1=Johnson | first1=O.E. | last2=Umoren | first2=Q.M. | title=Assessment of occupational hazards, health problems and safety practices of petrol station attendants in Uyo, Nigeria | journal=Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care | volume=30 | issue=1 | date=2018-03-22 | issn=1115-4608 | pages=47–57 | url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcmphc/article/view/168634 | access-date=2023-09-29}}</ref>