Editing Figure skating jumps (section)

===Axel===
{{Main|Axel jump}}

The '''Axel jump''', also called the '''Axel Paulsen jump''' for its creator, Norwegian figure skater [[Axel Paulsen]], is an edge jump.<ref name="USFS-1">USFS, p. 1</ref> It is figure skating's oldest and most difficult jump.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxxii}}{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=285}} The Axel jump is the most studied jump in figure skating.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazurkiewicz |first1=Anna |last2=Twańsak |first2=Dagmara |last3=Urbanik |first3=Czesław |title=Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump |journal=Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism |date=July 2018 |volume=25 |issue=2 |page=3 |doi=10.2478/pjst-2018-0007 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326648522|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is the only jump that begins with a forward takeoff, which makes it the easiest jump to identify.<ref name="gifguide"/> A double or triple Axel is required in the [[Short program (figure skating)|short program]] , and an Axel is required in the [[Free skating|free program]] for junior and senior [[single skating|single skaters]] in all ISU competitions.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Single 23-24|p=18}} 

The Axel has an extra half-rotation, which, as figure skating expert Hannah Robbins says, makes a triple Axel "more a quadruple jump than a triple".<ref name="robbins">{{cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Hannah |date=11 February 2018 |title=Triple Axel New Ladies' Figure Skating Staple |work=The Collegian |publisher=University of Tulsa |location=Tulsa, Oklahoma |url=https://tucollegian.org/triple-axel-new-ladies-figure-skating-staple/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212093436/https://tucollegian.org/triple-axel-new-ladies-figure-skating-staple/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sports reporter Nora Princiotti says, about the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body control for a skater to get enough height and to get into the jump fast enough to complete all the rotations before landing with a strong enough base to absorb the force generated."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Princiotti |first1=Nora |date=12 February 2018 |title=What is a Triple Axel? And Why is it So Hard for Figure Skaters to Pull Off? |work=Boston.com |url=https://www.boston.com/sports/olympics/2018/02/12/what-triple-axel-and-why-so-hard |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215105557/https://www.boston.com/sports/olympics/2018/02/12/what-triple-axel-and-why-so-hard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to American skater [[Mirai Nagasu]], "Falling on the triple Axel is really brutal."<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Calfas |first1=Jennifer |date=12 February 2018 |title=Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/5144477/mirai-nagasu-triple-axel-winter-olympics/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206012243/https://time.com/5144477/mirai-nagasu-triple-axel-winter-olympics/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In competition, the base value of a single Axel is 1.10; the base value of a double Axel is 3.30; the base value of a triple Axel is 8.00; the base value of a quadruple Axel is 12.50; and the base value of a quintuple Axel is 14.00.<ref name="ISU2707" /> According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the triple Axel has become more common for male skaters to perform;<ref name="nytnagasu">{{cite news |last1=Victor |first1=Daniel |date=12 February 2018 |title=Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/sports/nagasu-triple-axel-olympics.html |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703081731/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/sports/nagasu-triple-axel-olympics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as of 2025, [[Ilia Malinin]] from the U.S. is the only skater to successfully complete a quadruple Axel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schad |first=Tom |date=29 March 2025 |title=What is a Quad Axel? Explaining Ilia Malinin's Famed Figure Skating Jump |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2025/03/29/ilia-malinin-quad-axel-figure-skating/82707097007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250402050419/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2025/03/29/ilia-malinin-quad-axel-figure-skating/82707097007/ |archive-date=2 April 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0407-022, Midori Ito.jpg|thumb|Japanese figure skater [[Midori Ito]], first female skater to land a triple Axel, in 1989]]