Editing Fernão Pires de Andrade (section)

===Open hostility to reopening of relations===
[[Image:Macau oldmap.jpg|thumb|right|Map of [[Macau Peninsula]] in 1639, long after the first Portuguese settlement there and in the same year that the city began to decline due to halt of trade shipments from Japan.]]

Earlier, in April and May 1521, five Portuguese ships docked at [[Tuen Mun]] to begin trading, but were ordered to leave once officials came to the region to announce the emperor's death.<ref name="cambridge 339"/> The Portuguese refused this demand, so the Chinese sent a naval squadron to drive them out, sinking one ship, killing many, and taking the rest as prisoners ([[First Battle of Tamao (1521)|First Battle of Tamao]]).<ref name="cambridge 339"/> Two more Portuguese vessels arrived in June, were attacked by Chinese ships, but were able to fend off the Chinese attack.<ref name="cambridge 339"/> Three more Portuguese ships barely fended off another attack in September, the same month that Fernão Pires de Andrade and Tomé Pires arrived back at Canton.<ref name="cambridge 339"/> Ming authorities would not permit Fernão and Pires to see the prisoners captured in the sea battles and made inventories of their goods and the goods captured from the Portuguese ships.<ref name="cambridge 339"/>

In August 1522, Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho arrived at Tuen Mun with three ships, unaware of the conflict and expecting to meet with Chinese officials on establishing consent for a Portuguese trade base in China.<ref name="cambridge 340">Wills, 340.</ref> Two of his ships were captured in a surprise Chinese attack, while the survivors escaped back to Portugal on the third ship (see [[Second Battle of Tamao (1522)|Second Battle of Tamao]]).<ref name="cambridge 340"/><ref name="madureira 150">Madureira, 150.</ref> These encounters and others with the Portuguese brought the first [[Breech-loading weapon|breech-loading]] [[culverin]]s into China, mentioned even by the philosopher and scholar-official [[Wang Yangming]] in 1519 when he suppressed Zhu Chenhao's rebellion in [[Jiangxi]].<ref>Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 369, 372, 374.</ref>

The prisoners of these sea battles were eventually executed in 1523 for crimes of "robbery in the high seas" and cannibalism,<ref name="madureira 150"/> while Tomé Pires was kept prisoner so that he could write letters to the [[King of Portugal]], the Viceroy of [[Portuguese India]], and the Governor of Malacca conveying the [[Jiajing Emperor|new Ming emperor's]] message that the Portuguese should leave Malacca and restore it to the rightful rule of its deposed king.<ref name="cambridge 340"/> By some accounts, Fernão Pires de Andrade simply died while imprisoned;<ref name="williams 76 77"/> others say Andrade was one of those beheaded when a crime of false credentials was placed upon him after a court examined if his embassy was legitimate or spurious due to negative accounts of the Portuguese (i.e. acts committed by those such as Fernão Pires' brother Simào).<ref name="williams 76 77">Williams, 76&ndash;77.</ref><ref name="douglas 10 11">Douglas, 10&ndash;11.</ref> Tomé Pires died while living as a prisoner in China;<ref name="cambridge 340"/> there is speculation on whether Tomé Pires died in 1524 or 1540.<ref name="madureira 150 151">Madureira, 150&ndash;151.</ref> Two survivors of this embassy were still alive around 1536, when they sent letters to Malacca and [[Goa]] detailing plans for how the Portuguese could capture Canton by force.<ref name="cambridge 340"/> Other survivors of these missions retired to nearby Lampaco (Lampa) in Guangdong, where a trade post would exist for several decades; in 1537, there were written records of the Portuguese having three warehouses at Lampa, [[Shangchuan Island]], and [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], and were initially allowed there with the excuse of drying their goods in a storm.<ref name="douglas 11"/>

Despite initial hostilities, good relations between the Portuguese and Chinese would resume in 1549 with annual Portuguese trade missions to Shangchuan Island, following an event where the Portuguese helped Ming authorities eliminate coastal pirates.<ref name="brook 124">Brook, 124.</ref><ref name="cambridge 342">Wills, 342.</ref> In 1554, Leonel de Sousa—a later [[Governor of Macau]]— established positive relations through [[Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)|an agreement with Cantonese authorities]]<ref>Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVhvh6ibLJcC&dq=Leonel+de+Sousa+Macau&pg=PA343 The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8], Cambridge University Press, 1978, {{ISBN|0-521-24333-5}}</ref> and in 1557 the Ming court finally gave consent for a permanent and official Portuguese trade base at Macau.<ref name="cambridge 343 344">Wills, 343&ndash;344.</ref> Although Fernão Pires de Andrade and his Portuguese comrades were the first to open up China to the West, another significant diplomatic mission reaching all the way to Beijing would not be carried out until an Italian, the Jesuit [[Matteo Ricci]] (1552&ndash;1610) ventured there in 1598.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}