Editing Eutrophication (section)

==== Toxicity ====
Some [[harmful algal bloom]]s resulting from eutrophication, are [[toxic]] to plants and animals.<ref name=Smith/><ref name="Anderson 1994">{{cite journal|author=Anderson D. M.|year=1994|title=Red tides|url=http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Anderson_1994_SciAm-redtides_31132.pdf|journal=Scientific American|volume=271|issue=2|pages=62–68|bibcode=1994SciAm.271b..62A|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0894-62|pmid=8066432|access-date=March 31, 2013|archive-date=May 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511185552/http://www.whoi.edu/cms/files/Anderson_1994_SciAm-redtides_31132.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Freshwater algal blooms can pose a threat to livestock. When the algae die or are eaten, [[neurotoxin|neuro]]- and [[hepatotoxins]] are released which can kill animals and may pose a threat to humans.<ref name="Lawton 1991">{{cite journal|last=Lawton|first=L.A.|author2=G.A. Codd|year=1991|title=Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins and their significance in UK and European waters|journal=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation|volume=40|issue=4|pages=87–97|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00643.x|bibcode=1991WaEnJ...5..460L }}</ref><ref name="Martin 1994">{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=A.|author2=G.D. Cooke|year=1994|title=Health risks in eutrophic water supplies|journal=Lake Line|volume=14|pages=24–26}}</ref> An example of algal toxins working their way into humans is the case of [[shellfish]] poisoning.<ref name="Shumway 1990">{{Cite journal|last1=Shumway|first1=S. E.|year=1990|title=A Review of the Effects of Algal Blooms on Shellfish and Aquaculture|journal=Journal of the World Aquaculture Society|volume=21|issue=2|pages=65–104|doi=10.1111/j.1749-7345.1990.tb00529.x|bibcode=1990JWAS...21...65S }}</ref> Biotoxins created during algal blooms are taken up by shellfish ([[mussel]]s, [[oyster]]s), leading to these human foods acquiring the toxicity and poisoning humans. Examples include [[paralysis|paralytic]], neurotoxic, and [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoetic]] shellfish poisoning. Other marine animals can be [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] for such toxins, as in the case of [[ciguatera]], where it is typically a predator fish that accumulates the toxin and then poisons humans.

There are five types of toxins associated with Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). They include Domoic Acid, Ciguatoxin, Okadaic Acid, Brevetoxins, and Saxitoxins. All of these toxins, with the exception of Ciguatoxin, involved different types of shellfish poisoning. Domoic Acid<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lie |first1=Alle A. Y. |last2=Zimmer-Faust |first2=Amity G. |last3=Diner |first3=Rachel E. |last4=Kunselman |first4=Emily |last5=Daniel |first5=Zachary |last6=Van Artsdalen |first6=Kathryn |last7=Salas Garcia |first7=Mariana C. |last8=Gilbert |first8=Jack A. |last9=Shultz |first9=Dana |last10=Chokry |first10=Jeff |last11=Langlois |first11=Kylie |last12=Smith |first12=Jayme |date=May 2024 |title=Understanding the risks of co-exposures in a changing world: a case study of dual monitoring of the biotoxin domoic acid and Vibrio spp. in Pacific oyster |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-024-12614-1 |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=196 |issue=5 |page=447 |doi=10.1007/s10661-024-12614-1 |pmid=38607511 |bibcode=2024EMnAs.196..447L |issn=0167-6369}}</ref> is associated with amnesic shellfish poisoning; Okadaic Acid<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yuting |last2=Song |first2=Shanshan |last3=Zhang |first3=Bin |last4=Zhang |first4=Yang |last5=Tian |first5=Miao |last6=Wu |first6=Ziyi |last7=Chen |first7=Huorong |last8=Ding |first8=Guangmao |last9=Liu |first9=Renyan |last10=Mu |first10=Jingli |date=February 2023 |title=Comparison of short-term toxicity of 14 common phycotoxins (alone and in combination) to the survival of brine shrimp Artemia salina |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13131-022-2120-3 |journal=Acta Oceanologica Sinica |language=en |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=134–141 |doi=10.1007/s13131-022-2120-3 |issn=0253-505X}}</ref> is associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning; Brevetoxins<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perrault |first1=Justin R. |last2=Stacy |first2=Nicole I. |last3=Lehner |first3=Andreas F. |last4=Mott |first4=Cody R. |last5=Hirsch |first5=Sarah |last6=Gorham |first6=Jonathan C. |last7=Buchweitz |first7=John P. |last8=Bresette |first8=Michael J. |last9=Walsh |first9=Catherine J. |date=December 2017 |title=Potential effects of brevetoxins and toxic elements on various health variables in Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtles after a red tide bloom event |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896971731567X |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=605-606 |pages=967–979 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.149|pmid=28693110 |bibcode=2017ScTEn.605..967P }}</ref> are associated with neurotoxic shellfish poisoning; and Saxitoxins<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lalli |first1=Carol M. |title=Biological oceanography: an introduction |last2=Parsons |first2=Timothy Richard |date=1997 |publisher=Butterworth Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-3384-0 |edition=2nd |series=Open University oceanography series |location=Oxford [England]}}</ref> are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning. Different species of algae are associated with the different toxins.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lalli |first1=Carol M. |title=Biological oceanography: an introduction |last2=Parsons |first2=Timothy Richard |date=1997 |publisher=Butterworth Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-3384-0 |edition=2nd |series=Open University oceanography series |location=Oxford [England]}}</ref> For example, Alexandrium, Pyrodinium, and Gymnodinium generate saxitoxins.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lalli |first1=Carol M. |title=Biological oceanography: an introduction |last2=Parsons |first2=Timothy Richard |date=1997 |publisher=Butterworth Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-3384-0 |edition=2nd |series=Open University oceanography series |location=Oxford [England]}}</ref> Saxitoxin is known to be 50 times more lethal than strychnine and 10,000 times more lethal than cyanide.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lalli |first1=Carol M. |title=Biological oceanography: an introduction |last2=Parsons |first2=Timothy Richard |date=1997 |publisher=Butterworth Heinemann |isbn=978-0-7506-3384-0 |edition=2nd |series=Open University oceanography series |location=Oxford [England]}}</ref>
[[File:Lake Pyramid algal bloom (Copernicus).jpg|thumb|Lake Pyramid Algal Bloom]]