Editing Electron (section)

=== Particle accelerators ===
With the development of the [[particle accelerator]] during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of [[subatomic particle]]s.<ref>
{{cite journal
 | last = Panofsky
 | first = W.K.H.
 | year = 1997
 | title = The Evolution of Particle Accelerators & Colliders
 | url = https://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/27/1/27-1-panofsky.pdf
 | journal = Beam Line
 | volume = 27
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 36–44
 | access-date = 2008-09-15
 | df = dmy-all
 | archive-date = 2008-09-09
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080909234139/http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/beamline/27/1/27-1-panofsky.pdf
 | url-status = live
}}</ref> The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using [[electromagnetic induction]] was made in 1942 by [[Donald William Kerst|Donald Kerst]]. His initial [[betatron]] reached energies of 2.3&nbsp;MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300&nbsp;MeV. In 1947, [[synchrotron radiation]] was discovered with a 70&nbsp;MeV electron synchrotron at [[General Electric]]. This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons through a magnetic field as they moved near the speed of light.<ref>
{{cite journal
 | last = Elder | first = F.R.
 | year = 1947
 | title = Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron
 | journal = [[Physical Review]]
 | volume = 71 | issue = 11 | pages = 829–830
 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.71.829.5
 |bibcode = 1947PhRv...71..829E |display-authors=etal
}}</ref>

With a beam energy of 1.5&nbsp;GeV, the first high-energy
particle [[collider]] was [[ADONE]], which began operations in 1968.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last = Hoddeson
 | first = L.
 | year = 1997
 | title = The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=klLUs2XUmOkC&pg=PA25
 | pages = 25–26
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | isbn = 978-0-521-57816-5
 | display-authors = etal
 | access-date = 2020-08-25
 | archive-date = 2022-02-04
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220204082414/https://books.google.com/books?id=klLUs2XUmOkC&pg=PA25
 | url-status = live
}}</ref> This device accelerated electrons and positrons in opposite directions, effectively doubling the energy of their collision when compared to striking a static target with an electron.<ref>
{{cite journal
 | last = Bernardini | first = C.
 | year = 2004
 | title = AdA: The First Electron–Positron Collider
 | journal = [[Physics in Perspective]]
 | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 156–183
 | bibcode = 2004PhP.....6..156B
 | doi = 10.1007/s00016-003-0202-y
 | s2cid = 122534669
}}</ref> The [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP) at [[CERN]], which was operational from 1989 to 2000, achieved collision energies of 209&nbsp;GeV and made important measurements for the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics.<ref>
{{cite web
 | year = 2008
 | title = Testing the Standard Model: The LEP experiments
 | url = https://public.web.cern.ch/PUBLIC/en/Research/LEPExp-en.html
 | publisher = [[CERN]]
 | access-date = 2008-09-15
 | df = dmy-all
 | archive-date = 2008-09-14
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080914164129/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/Research/LEPExp-en.html
 | url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 | year = 2000
 | title = LEP reaps a final harvest
 | url = https://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28335
 | journal = [[CERN Courier]]
 | volume = 40
 | issue = 10
 | access-date = 2022-02-24
 | archive-date = 2017-09-30
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222305/http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28335
 | url-status = live
}}</ref>