Editing Edinburgh (section)

==Geography==
===Location===
[[File:Edinburgh Victora Street 20211019.jpg|thumb|right|Victoria Street in October 2021]]

Situated in Scotland's [[Central Belt]], Edinburgh lies on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth. The city centre is {{cvt|2+1/2|mi|km}} southwest of the shoreline of [[Leith]] and {{cvt|26|mi|km}} inland, as the crow flies, from the east coast of Scotland and the [[North Sea]] at [[Dunbar]].<ref>{{Cite map |title=Geographia Atlas of the World |year=1984 |publisher=Geographia Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-09-202840-3 |page=99}}</ref> While the early burgh grew up near the prominent Castle Rock, the modern city is often said to be built on [[Hills in Edinburgh|seven hills]], namely [[Calton Hill]], [[Corstorphine Hill]], Craiglockhart Hill, [[Braid Hills|Braid Hill]], [[Blackford Hill]], Arthur's Seat and the Castle Rock,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Hills of Edinburgh |url=http://www.seven-hills.org.uk/course.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080149/http://www.seven-hills.org.uk/course.asp |archive-date=9 May 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013 |publisher=[[VisitScotland]]}}</ref> giving rise to allusions to the [[seven hills of Rome]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2003 |title=Voltaire said: Athens of the North |url=http://www.scotland.org/features/voltaire-said |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427212622/http://www.scotland.org/features/voltaire-said |archive-date=27 April 2013 |access-date=28 March 2013 |publisher=Scotland.org}}</ref>

===Cityscape===

Occupying a narrow gap between the Firth of Forth to the north and the [[Pentland Hills]] and their outrunners to the south, the city sprawls over a landscape which is the product of early volcanic activity and later periods of intensive glaciation.
<ref name="Edwards2005">{{Cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Brian |title=Edinburgh: The Making of a Capital City |last2=Jenkins |first2=Paul |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7486-1868-2}}</ref>{{rp|64–65}} Igneous activity between 350 and 400 million years ago, coupled with [[fault (geology)|faulting]], led to the creation of tough [[basalt]] [[volcanic plug]]s, which predominate over much of the area.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}} One such example is the Castle Rock which forced the advancing ice sheet to divide, sheltering the softer rock and forming a {{cvt|1|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} tail of material to the east, thus creating a distinctive [[crag and tail]] formation.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}} Glacial erosion on the north side of the crag gouged a deep valley later filled by the now drained [[Nor Loch]]. These features, along with another hollow on the rock's south side, formed an ideal natural strongpoint upon which Edinburgh Castle was built.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}} Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano dating from the [[Carboniferous period]], which was eroded by a glacier moving west to east during the ice age.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}} Erosive action such as [[plucking (glaciation)|plucking]] and [[abrasion (geology)|abrasion]] exposed the rocky crags to the west before leaving a tail of deposited glacial material swept to the east.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Piggott |first=Stuart |title=Scotland before History |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-85224-470-8 |author-link=Stuart Piggott}}</ref> This process formed the distinctive [[Salisbury Crags]], a series of [[Theralite#Teschenites|teschenite]] cliffs between Arthur's Seat and the location of the early burgh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sill |url=http://www.landforms.eu/Lothian/sill.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901122806/http://www.landforms.eu/Lothian/sill.htm |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=29 March 2013 |publisher=landforms.eu}}</ref> The residential areas of [[Marchmont]] and [[Bruntsfield]] are built along a series of [[drumlin]] ridges south of the city centre, which were [[glacial deposition|deposited]] as the glacier receded.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}}

Other prominent landforms, such as Calton Hill and Corstorphine Hill, are also products of glacial erosion.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}} The Braid Hills and Blackford Hill are a series of small summits to the south of the city centre that command expansive views looking northwards over the urban area to the Firth of Forth.<ref name="Edwards2005" />{{rp|64–65}}

[[File:Views from Edinburgh Castle to the north east 20140320.jpg|thumb|left|View over Edinburgh City Centre from [[Edinburgh Castle]]]]

Edinburgh is drained by the river named the [[Water of Leith]], which rises at the Colzium Springs in the Pentland Hills and runs for {{convert|29|km|mi|order=flip}} through the south and west of the city, emptying into the Firth of Forth at Leith.<ref name="waterofleith">{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Water of Leith |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2805.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607103453/http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst2805.html |archive-date=7 June 2010 |access-date=19 April 2009 |publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland, Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh}}</ref> The nearest the river gets to the city centre is at [[Dean Village]] on the north-western edge of the New Town, where a deep gorge is spanned by [[Thomas Telford]]'s [[Dean Bridge]], built in 1832 for the road to [[South Queensferry|Queensferry]]. The [[Water of Leith Walkway]] is a mixed-use [[trail]] that follows the course of the river for {{cvt|19.6|km|mi|1}} from Balerno to Leith.<ref name="walkway">{{Cite web |title=The Water of Leith Walkway |url=http://www.waterofleith.org.uk/walkway/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403135441/http://www.waterofleith.org.uk/walkway/ |archive-date=3 April 2009 |access-date=19 April 2009 |publisher=Water of Leith Conservation Trust}}</ref>

Excepting the shoreline of the Firth of Forth, Edinburgh is encircled by a [[green belt]], designated in 1957, which stretches from [[Dalmeny]] in the west to [[Prestongrange]] in the east.<ref name="greenbelt">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2004 |title=Review of Green Belt policy in Scotland – Edinburgh and Midlothian |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/08/19785/41543 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174737/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/08/19785/41543 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=10 April 2009 |publisher=Scottish Government}}</ref> With an average width of {{cvt|3.2|km|mi|0}} the principal objectives of the green belt were to contain the outward expansion of the city and to prevent the agglomeration of urban areas.<ref name="greenbelt" /> Expansion affecting the green belt is strictly controlled but developments such as [[Edinburgh Airport]] and the [[Royal Highland Showground]] at [[Ingliston]] lie within the zone.<ref name="greenbelt" /> Similarly, suburbs such as [[Juniper Green]] and Balerno are situated on green belt land.<ref name="greenbelt" /> One feature of the Edinburgh green belt is the inclusion of parcels of land within the city which are designated green belt, even though they do not connect with the peripheral ring. Examples of these independent wedges of green belt include [[Holyrood Park]] and Corstorphine Hill.<ref name="greenbelt" />

===Areas===
[[File:Edinburgh map.png|thumb|Map showing the areas of central Edinburgh]]
====Early settlements====
Edinburgh includes former towns and villages that retain much of their original character as settlements in existence before they were absorbed into the expanding city of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edinburgh Areas |url=http://www.edinburghguide.com/areas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223740/http://edinburghguide.com/areas |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=edinburghguide.com}}</ref> Many areas, such as [[Dalry, Edinburgh|Dalry]], contain residences that are multi-occupancy buildings known as [[tenement]]s, although the more southern and western parts of the city have traditionally been less built-up with a greater number of detached and semi-detached villas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edinburgh area guide |url=http://www.timeout.com/edinburgh/features/146/edinburgh-area-guide |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218202447/http://www.timeout.com/edinburgh/features/146/edinburgh-area-guide |archive-date=18 February 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=timeout.com}}</ref>

The historic centre of Edinburgh is divided into two by the broad green swathe of [[Princes Street Gardens]]. To the south, the view is dominated by Edinburgh Castle, built high on Castle Rock, and the long sweep of the Old Town descending towards Holyrood Palace. To the north lie Princes Street and the New Town.

The [[West End, Edinburgh|West End]] includes the financial district, with insurance and banking offices as well as the Edinburgh International Conference Centre.

====Old and New Towns====
[[File:Edinburgh Old Town.jpg|thumb|left|Skyline of the [[Edinburgh Old Town]]]]

Edinburgh's Old and New Towns were listed as a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Old Town with its medieval street layout and the planned Georgian New Town, including the adjoining Dean Village and Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 [[Listed building (United Kingdom)|listed buildings]] within the city,<ref name="www.edinburgh.org world-heritage-site" /> a higher proportion relative to area than any other city in the United Kingdom.

The castle is perched on top of a rocky crag (the remnant of an extinct volcano), and the [[Royal Mile]] runs down the crest of a ridge from it, terminating at Holyrood Palace. Minor streets (called closes or [[wynd]]s) lie on either side of the main spine, forming a herringbone pattern.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Old and New Towns of Edinburgh |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/728 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120141829/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/728 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Due to space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of this landform, the Old Town became home to some of the earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings known as ''lands'' were the norm from the 16th century onwards, with ten and eleven storeys being typical, and one even reaching fourteen or fifteen storeys.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chambers |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/noticesmostrema00chamgoog |title=Notices of the most remarkable fires in Edinburgh: from 1385 to 1824&nbsp;... |publisher=C. Smith & Company |year=1824 |quote=fifteen. |author-link=Robert Chambers (publisher born 1802) |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> Numerous vaults below street level were inhabited to accommodate the influx of incomers, particularly [[Irish migration to Great Britain|Irish immigrants]], during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The street has several fine public buildings such as St Giles' Cathedral, the [[Edinburgh City Chambers|City Chambers]] and the [[Parliament House, Edinburgh|Law Courts]]. Other places of historical interest nearby are [[Greyfriars Kirkyard]] and [[Mary King's Close]]. The [[Grassmarket]], running deep below the castle, is connected by the steep double terraced Victoria Street. The street layout is typical of the old quarters of many Northern European cities.

The New Town was an 18th-century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded city, which had been confined to the ridge sloping down from the castle. In 1766 a competition to design a "New Town" was won by [[James Craig (architect)|James Craig]], a 27-year-old architect.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cruft, Kitty |title=James Craig 1739–1795: Correction of his Date of Birth |journal=Book of the Old Edinburgh Club |volume=New Series Vol. 5 |pages=103–5}}</ref> The plan was a rigid, ordered grid, which fitted in well with [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas of rationality. The principal street was to be [[George Street, Edinburgh|George Street]], running along the natural ridge to the north of what became known as the "Old Town". To either side of it are two other main streets: Princes Street and Queen Street. Princes Street has become Edinburgh's main shopping street and now has few of its [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] buildings in their original state. The three main streets are connected by a series of streets running perpendicular to them. The east and west ends of George Street are terminated by [[St Andrew Square, Edinburgh|St Andrew Square]] and [[Charlotte Square]] respectively. [[File:New Town of Edinburgh 20140320-4.jpg|thumb|right|Skyline of the [[Edinburgh New Town]]]] The latter, designed by [[Robert Adam]], influenced the architectural style of the New Town into the early 19th century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Architects Homecoming |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/architectsactive.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119084414/http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/architectsactive.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2011 |access-date=18 January 2011 |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> [[Bute House]], the official residence of the [[First Minister of Scotland]], is on the north side of Charlotte Square.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bute House |url=http://www.edinburghguide.com/venue/butehouse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143843/http://edinburghguide.com/venue/butehouse |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=edinburghguide.com}}</ref>

The hollow between the Old and New Towns was formerly the [[Nor Loch]], which was created for the town's defence but came to be used by the inhabitants for dumping their [[sewage]]. It was drained by the 1820s as part of the city's northward expansion. Craig's original plan included an ornamental canal on the site of the loch,<ref name="princeshist" /> but this idea was abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From monks on strike to dove's dung |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/from-monks-on-strike-to-dove-s-dung-1-881129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513214124/http://www.scotsman.com/news/from-monks-on-strike-to-dove-s-dung-1-881129 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=scotsman.com}}</ref> Soil excavated while laying the foundations of buildings in the New Town was dumped on the site of the [[loch]] to create the slope connecting the Old and New Towns known as [[The Mound]].

In the middle of the 19th century the [[National Gallery of Scotland]] and [[Royal Scottish Academy Building]] were built on The Mound, and tunnels for the railway line between [[Haymarket railway station|Haymarket]] and [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station|Waverley]] stations were driven through it.

====Southside====

The Southside is a residential part of the city, which includes the districts of [[St Leonard's, Edinburgh|St Leonards]], [[Marchmont]], [[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]], [[Newington, Edinburgh|Newington]], [[Sciennes]], [[The Grange, Edinburgh|the Grange]] and [[Blackford, Edinburgh|Blackford]]. The Southside is broadly analogous to the area covered formerly by the [[Burgh Muir]], and was developed as a residential area after the opening of the [[South Bridge, Edinburgh|South Bridge]] in the 1780s. The Southside is particularly popular with families (many state and private schools are here), young professionals and students (the central University of Edinburgh campus is based around [[George Square, Edinburgh|George Square]] just north of Marchmont and [[The Meadows (park)|the Meadows]]), and [[Napier University]] (with major campuses around Merchiston and Morningside). The area is also well provided with hotels and "bed and breakfast" accommodation for visiting festival-goers. These districts often feature in works of fiction. For example, [[Church Hill, Edinburgh|Church Hill]] in Morningside, was the home of [[Muriel Spark]]'s Miss Jean Brodie,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie |url=http://www.geraldinemcewan.com/JeanBrodie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209070917/http://www.geraldinemcewan.com/JeanBrodie.html |archive-date=9 February 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=geraldinemcewan.com}}</ref> and [[Ian Rankin]]'s [[Inspector Rebus]] lives in Marchmont and works in St Leonards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspector Rebus Novels |url=http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303085742/https://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=12 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |publisher=ianrankin.net}}</ref>

====Leith====

[[File:The Shore, Leith.JPG|thumb|The Shore, Leith]]

[[Leith]] was historically the port of Edinburgh, an arrangement of unknown date that was confirmed by the royal charter Robert the Bruce granted to the city in 1329.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edinburgh Corporation |title=Edinburgh 1329–1929, Sexcentenary of Bruce Charter |publisher=Oliver And Boyd |year=1929 |location=Edinburgh |page=xxvii}}</ref> The port developed a separate identity from Edinburgh, which to some extent it still retains, and it was a matter of great resentment when the two burghs merged in 1920 into the City of Edinburgh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Leith – XXXIII. How Leith was Governed |website=Electric Scotland |url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/leith/33.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310175246/http://www.electricscotland.com/history/leith/33.htm |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> Even today, the parliamentary seat is known as "Edinburgh North and Leith". The loss of traditional industries and commerce (the [[Henry Robb|last shipyard]] closed in 1983) resulted in economic decline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled |url=http://www.esds.ac.uk/doc/4927/mrdoc/pdf/q4927uguide.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174434/http://www.esds.ac.uk/doc/4927/mrdoc/pdf/q4927uguide.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2013 |publisher=Economic and Social Data Service |postscript=-}}-note incorrect date given for Henry Robb shipyard closure.</ref> The Edinburgh Waterfront development has transformed old dockland areas from Leith to Granton into residential areas with shopping and leisure facilities and helped rejuvenate the area. With the redevelopment, Edinburgh has gained the business of cruise liner companies, which now provide cruises to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands.

The coastal suburb of [[Portobello, Edinburgh|Portobello]] is characterised by Georgian villas, Victorian tenements, a beach and [[promenade]], and cafés, bars, restaurants and independent shops. There are rowing and sailing clubs, a restored Victorian swimming pool, and [[Victorian Turkish baths]].

====Urban area====

The [[List of towns and cities in Scotland by population#Settlements|urban area]] of Edinburgh is almost entirely within the [[The City of Edinburgh Council|City of Edinburgh Council]] boundary, merging with [[Musselburgh]] in East Lothian. Towns within easy reach of the city boundary include [[Inverkeithing]], [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]], [[Tranent]], [[Prestonpans]], [[Dalkeith]], [[Bonnyrigg]], [[Loanhead]], [[Penicuik]], [[Broxburn, West Lothian|Broxburn]], [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]] and [[Dunfermline]]. Edinburgh lies at the heart of the Edinburgh & South East Scotland City region, with a population in 2014 of 1,339,380.<ref name="NRS LA Estimate">{{Cite web |title=Mid-Year Population Estimates Scotland, Mid-2017 |date=19 April 2018 |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/mid-17/mid-year-pop-est-17-publication.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511214824/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/population-estimates/mid-17/mid-year-pop-est-17-publication.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2018 |access-date=12 April 2018 |website=National Records of Scotland }}</ref><ref name="City Region Definition">{{Cite web |title=Edinburgh and South East Scotland City Region |url=http://www.acceleratinggrowth.org.uk/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125202249/http://www.acceleratinggrowth.org.uk/about-us/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Edinburgh - Princes Street Gardens (49944531007).jpg|thumb|right|Sunshine in [[Princes Street Gardens]]]]

Like most of Scotland, Edinburgh has a cool [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[maritime climate]] (''Cfb'') which, despite its northerly latitude, is milder than places which lie at similar latitudes such as [[Moscow]] and [[Labrador]].<ref name="temperature">{{Cite web |title=Regional Climate – Eastern Scotland |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/es |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516005631/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/es |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=19 April 2009 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> The city's proximity to the sea mitigates any large variations in temperature or extremes of climate. Winter daytime temperatures rarely fall below freezing while summer temperatures are moderate, rarely exceeding {{cvt|22|C}}.<ref name="temperature" /> The highest temperature recorded in the city was {{cvt|31.6|C}} on 25 July 2019<ref name="temperature" /> at Gogarbank, beating the previous record of {{cvt|31|C}} on 4 August 1975 at Edinburgh Airport.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's the hottest day ever – Edinburgh roasts as Capital breaks all-time temperature record |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/weather/it-s-the-hottest-day-ever-edinburgh-roasts-as-capital-breaks-all-time-temperature-record-1-4971315/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725191952/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/weather/it-s-the-hottest-day-ever-edinburgh-roasts-as-capital-breaks-all-time-temperature-record-1-4971315 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref> The lowest temperature recorded in recent years was {{cvt|-14.6|C}} during December 2010 at Gogarbank.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2010 |title=December 2010 minimum |url=http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/minimum-temperatures-and-snow-across-the-uk-last-night/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112235510/http://metofficenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/minimum-temperatures-and-snow-across-the-uk-last-night/ |archive-date=12 January 2012 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref>

Given Edinburgh's position between the coast and hills, it is renowned as "the windy city", with the prevailing wind direction coming from the south-west, which is often associated with warm, unstable air from the [[North Atlantic Current]] that can give rise to rainfall – although considerably less than cities to the west, such as Glasgow.<ref name="temperature" /> Rainfall is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year.<ref name="temperature" /> Winds from an easterly direction are usually drier but considerably colder, and may be accompanied by [[haar (fog)|haar]], a persistent coastal fog. Vigorous Atlantic depressions, known as [[European windstorm]]s, can affect the city between October and April.<ref name="temperature" />

Located slightly north of the city centre, the weather station at the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]] (RBGE) has been an official weather station for the [[Met Office]] since 1956.
The Met Office operates its own weather station at Gogarbank on the city's western outskirts, near [[Edinburgh Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edinburgh Gogarbank Climate Averages 1981–2010 |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcvw5vmsn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909205528/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcvw5vmsn |archive-date=9 September 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> This slightly inland station has a slightly wider temperature span between seasons, is cloudier and somewhat wetter, but differences are minor.

Temperature and rainfall records have been kept at the Royal Observatory since 1764.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niederschlagsmonatssummen EDINB.OBS./BLACKFORD 1785- 1987 |url=http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/pedinbu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105212026/http://old.wetterzentrale.de/klima/pedinbu.html |archive-date=5 January 2019 |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Edinburgh ([[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|RBGE]]),{{efn|Weather station is located {{cvt|0.9|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Edinburgh city centre.}} elevation: {{cvt|23|m|ft|0}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1960–present
| collapsed    = 
| metric first = y
| single line  = y
| Jan record high C = 15.0
| Feb record high C = 15.2
| Mar record high C = 20.0
| Apr record high C = 24.1
| May record high C = 29.0
| Jun record high C = 27.8
| Jul record high C = 31.6
| Aug record high C = 31.4
| Sep record high C = 26.7
| Oct record high C = 24.4
| Nov record high C = 20.6
| Dec record high C = 15.4
| Jan high C = 7.3
| Feb high C = 8.0
| Mar high C = 9.7
| Apr high C = 12.2
| May high C = 14.9
| Jun high C = 17.4
| Jul high C = 19.3
| Aug high C = 19.1
| Sep high C = 16.9
| Oct high C = 13.4
| Nov high C = 9.9
| Dec high C = 7.3
| year high C = 13.0
| Jan mean C = 4.5
| Feb mean C = 4.8
| Mar mean C = 6.3
| Apr mean C = 8.4
| May mean C = 11.0
| Jun mean C = 13.7
| Jul mean C = 15.4
| Aug mean C = 15.3
| Sep mean C = 13.3
| Oct mean C = 10.0
| Nov mean C = 6.8
| Dec mean C = 4.5
| year mean C = 9.5
| Jan low C = 1.7
| Feb low C = 1.7
| Mar low C = 2.9
| Apr low C = 4.7
| May low C = 7.1
| Jun low C = 9.9
| Jul low C = 11.6
| Aug low C = 11.5
| Sep low C = 9.7
| Oct low C = 6.7
| Nov low C = 3.8
| Dec low C = 1.6
| year low C = 6.1
| Jan record low C = -15.5
| Feb record low C = -11.7
| Mar record low C = -11.1
| Apr record low C = -6.1
| May record low C = -2.4
| Jun record low C = 1.1
| Jul record low C = 4.4
| Aug record low C = 2.2
| Sep record low C = -1.1
| Oct record low C = -3.7
| Nov record low C = -8.3
| Dec record low C = -11.5
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 64.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 53.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 48.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 40.8
| May precipitation mm = 47.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 66.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 72.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 71.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 54.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 75.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 65.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 67.4
| year precipitation mm = 727.7
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 12.4
| Feb precipitation days = 9.8
| Mar precipitation days = 9.8
| Apr precipitation days = 8.6
| May precipitation days = 9.6
| Jun precipitation days = 10.4
| Jul precipitation days = 11.5
| Aug precipitation days = 10.4
| Sep precipitation days = 9.9
| Oct precipitation days = 11.7
| Nov precipitation days = 11.7
| Dec precipitation days = 12.3
| year precipitation days = 128.3
| Jan sun = 55.2
| Feb sun = 82.2
| Mar sun = 117.3
| Apr sun = 157.3
| May sun = 194.7
| Jun sun = 161.8
| Jul sun = 169.9
| Aug sun = 160.0
| Sep sun = 130.1
| Oct sun = 99.4
| Nov sun = 72.1
| Dec sun = 49.2
| year sun = 1449.1
| Jan uv  =0
| Feb uv  =1
| Mar uv  =2
| Apr uv  =3
| May uv  =5
| Jun uv  =6
| Jul uv  =5
| Aug uv  =5
| Sep uv  =3
| Oct uv  =1
| Nov uv  =1
| Dec uv  =0
| source 1 = [[Met Office]],<ref name="Met Averages">{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcvwqum6h |title=Edinburgh 1991–2020 averages |access-date=18 December 2021 |publisher=Met Office}}</ref> [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |title=Indices Data |access-date=13 December 2018 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709010608/https://eca.knmi.nl//download/millennium/millennium.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Weather Atlas<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/edinburgh-climate |title=Edinburgh, United Kingdom – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |publisher=Yu Media Group |website=Weather Atlas |language=en |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box|location = Edinburgh (Gogarbank),{{efn|Weather station is located {{cvt|5.9|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Edinburgh city centre.}} elevation: {{cvt|57|m|ft|0}}, 1991–2020 normals
| collapsed    = y
| metric first = y
| single line  = y
| Jan high C = 6.9
| Feb high C = 7.5
| Mar high C = 9.3
| Apr high C = 12.0
| May high C = 14.9
| Jun high C = 17.5
| Jul high C = 19.4
| Aug high C = 19.2
| Sep high C = 16.9
| Oct high C = 13.2
| Nov high C = 9.5
| Dec high C = 7.0
| year high C = 12.8
| Jan mean C = 4.2
| Feb mean C = 4.6
| Mar mean C = 6.0
| Apr mean C = 8.2
| May mean C = 10.8
| Jun mean C = 13.4
| Jul mean C = 15.2
| Aug mean C = 15.1
| Sep mean C = 13.1
| Oct mean C = 9.8
| Nov mean C = 6.6
| Dec mean C = 4.2
| year mean C = 9.3
| Jan low C = 1.5
| Feb low C = 1.6
| Mar low C = 2.7
| Apr low C = 4.3
| May low C = 6.7
| Jun low C = 9.4
| Jul low C = 11.0
| Aug low C = 11.0
| Sep low C = 9.4
| Oct low C = 6.5
| Nov low C = 3.6
| Dec low C = 1.4
| year low C = 5.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 73.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 61.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 52.5
| Apr precipitation mm = 45.9
| May precipitation mm = 50.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 68.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 71.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 74.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 55.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 82.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 73.7
| Dec precipitation mm = 74.9
| year precipitation mm = 784.3
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 13.3
| Feb precipitation days = 10.7
| Mar precipitation days = 10.3
| Apr precipitation days = 9.2
| May precipitation days = 10.8
| Jun precipitation days = 11.1
| Jul precipitation days = 11.4
| Aug precipitation days = 11.2
| Sep precipitation days = 10.5
| Oct precipitation days = 13.0
| Nov precipitation days = 12.9
| Dec precipitation days = 13.1
| year precipitation days = 137.4
| Jan sun = 47.4
| Feb sun = 77.5
| Mar sun = 111.0
| Apr sun = 147.7
| May sun = 189.5
| Jun sun = 159.4
| Jul sun = 160.9
| Aug sun = 145.7
| Sep sun = 125.5
| Oct sun = 94.1
| Nov sun = 66.9
| Dec sun = 37.8
| year sun = 1363.4
| source = [[Met Office]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcvw5vmsn |title=Edinburgh Gogerbank 1991–2020 averages |work=Station, District and regional averages 1991–2020 |publisher=Met Office | access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>
| date     = December 2021}}
{{notelist
}}