Editing Eating disorder (section)

=== Psychological ===
Eating disorders are classified as [[Axis I]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Westen D, Harnden-Fischer J |s2cid=33162558 |title=Personality profiles in eating disorders: rethinking the distinction between axis I and axis II |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=547–62 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11282688 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.547}}</ref> disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders ([[DSM-IV]]) published by the [[American Psychiatric Association]]. There are various other psychological issues that may factor into eating disorders, some fulfill the criteria for a separate Axis I [[diagnosis]] or a personality disorder which is coded [[Axis II (psychiatry)|Axis II]] and thus are considered [[comorbid]] to the diagnosed eating disorder. Axis II disorders are subtyped into 3 "clusters": A, B and C. The [[causality]] between personality disorders and eating disorders has yet to be fully established.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenvinge JH, Martinussen M, Ostensen E |title=The comorbidity of eating disorders and personality disorders: a meta-analytic review of studies published between 1983 and 1998 |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=52–61 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10941603 |doi=10.1007/bf03327480 |s2cid=34981309}}</ref> Some people have a previous disorder which may increase their vulnerability to developing an eating disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaye WH, Bulik CM, Thornton L, Barbarich N, Masters K |s2cid=9926158 |title=Comorbidity of anxiety disorders with anorexia and bulimia nervosa |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=161 |issue=12 |pages=2215–21 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15569892 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2215}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Thornton C, Russell J |title=Obsessive compulsive comorbidity in the dieting disorders |journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=83–7 |date=January 1997 |pmid=8986521 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1<83::AID-EAT10>3.0.CO;2-P}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vitousek K, Manke F |title=Personality variables and disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa |journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=137–47 |date=February 1994 |pmid=8040475 |doi=10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.137}}</ref> Some develop them afterwards.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Braun DL, Sunday SR, Halmi KA |title=Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with eating disorders |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=859–67 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7892354 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700028956 |s2cid=34017953}}</ref> The severity and type of eating disorder symptoms have been shown to affect comorbidity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Spindler A, Milos G |title=Links between eating disorder symptom severity and psychiatric comorbidity |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=364–73 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17606234 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.11.012}}</ref> There has been controversy over various editions of the DSM diagnostic criteria including the latest edition, DSM-V, published in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Collier R |title=DSM revision surrounded by controversy |journal=CMAJ |volume=182 |issue=1 |pages=16–7 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19920166 |pmc=2802599 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.109-3108}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kutchins H, Kirk SA |title=DSM-III-R: the conflict over new psychiatric diagnoses |journal=Health & Social Work |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=91–101 |date=May 1989 |pmid=2714710 |doi=10.1093/hsw/14.2.91}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Eating Disorders May Be Too Stringent |vauthors=Busko M |work=Medscape |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/557479 |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513204422/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/557479}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Politics of Disease Definition: A Summer of DSM-V Controversy in Review. Stanford Center for Law and the Biosciences |url=http://lawandbiosciences.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/the-politics-of-disease-definition-a-summer-of-dsm-v-controversy-in-review/ |date=10 September 2009 |vauthors=Murdoch CJ |access-date=11 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915131628/http://lawandbiosciences.wordpress.com/2009/09/10/the-politics-of-disease-definition-a-summer-of-dsm-v-controversy-in-review/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 December 2008 |title=Psychiatry manual's secrecy criticized |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-dec-29-na-mental-disorders29-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002620/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/29/nation/na-mental-disorders29 |archive-date=23 January 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Comorbid Disorders
![[Axis I]]||[[Axis II (psychiatry)|Axis II]]
|-
|[[Major depressive disorder|depression]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Casper RC |title=Depression and eating disorders |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=8 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=96–104 |year=1998 |pmid=9809221 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<96::AID-DA15>3.0.CO;2-4 |s2cid=36772859 |doi-access=free}}</ref>||[[obsessive–compulsive personality disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Serpell L, Livingstone A, Neiderman M, Lask B |title=Anorexia nervosa: obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, or neither? |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=647–69 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12113200 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00112-X}}</ref>
|-
|[[substance abuse]], alcoholism<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bulik CM, Klump KL, Thornton L, Kaplan AS, Devlin B, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Strober M, Woodside DB, Crow S, Mitchell JE, Rotondo A, Mauri M, Cassano GB, Keel PK, Berrettini WH, Kaye WH |title=Alcohol use disorder comorbidity in eating disorders: a multicenter study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=1000–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15291691 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v65n0718}}</ref>||[[borderline personality disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Larsson JO, Hellzén M |title=Patterns of personality disorders in women with chronic eating disorders |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=200–5 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15656014 |doi=10.1007/bf03325067 |s2cid=29679535}}</ref>
|-
|[[anxiety disorders]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Swinbourne JM, Touyz SW |title=The co-morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review |journal=European Eating Disorders Review |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=253–74 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17676696 |doi=10.1002/erv.784 |doi-access=free}}</ref>||[[narcissistic personality disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ronningstam E |title=Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder in Axis I disorders |journal=Harvard Review of Psychiatry |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=326–40 |year=1996 |pmid=9384963 |doi=10.3109/10673229609017201 |s2cid=21472356}}</ref>
|-
|[[obsessive–compulsive disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderluh MB, Tchanturia K, Rabe-Hesketh S, Treasure J |title=Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=242–7 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12562569 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.242 |author3-link=Sophia Rabe-Hesketh}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pinto A, Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Pagano ME, Rasmussen SA |title=The Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study: clinical features and symptoms of the sample at intake |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=703–11 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16841619 |pmc=3272757 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v67n0503}}</ref>||[[histrionic personality disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lucka I, Cebella A |title=[Characteristics of the forming personality in children suffering from anorexia nervosa] |journal=Psychiatria Polska |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=1011–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15779665}}</ref>
|-
|[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]]<ref name="ADHD">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biederman J, Ball SW, Monuteaux MC, Surman CB, Johnson JL, Zeitlin S |s2cid=31596462 |title=Are girls with ADHD at risk for eating disorders? Results from a controlled, five-year prospective study |journal=Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=302–7 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17700082 |doi=10.1097/DBP.0b013e3180327917}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dukarm CP |title=Bulimia nervosa and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a possible role for stimulant medication |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=345–50 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15916509 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2005.14.345}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mikami AY, Hinshaw SP, Arnold LE, Hoza B, Hechtman L, Newcorn JH, Abikoff HB |title=Bulimia nervosa symptoms in the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD |journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=248–59 |date=April 2010 |pmid=19378318 |doi=10.1002/eat.20692}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cortese S, Bernardina BD, Mouren MC |s2cid=14578808 |title=Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and binge eating |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=65 |issue=9 |pages=404–11 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17958207 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00318.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>||[[avoidant personality disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bruce KR, Steiger H, Koerner NM, Israel M, Young SN |title=Bulimia nervosa with co-morbid avoidant personality disorder: behavioural characteristics and serotonergic function |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=113–24 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14971632 |doi=10.1017/S003329170300864X |s2cid=41886088}}</ref>
|}

==== Cognitive attentional bias ====
[[Attentional bias]] may have an effect on eating disorders. Attentional bias is the preferential attention toward certain types of information in the environment while simultaneously ignoring others. Individuals with eating disorders can be thought to have schemas, knowledge structures, which are dysfunctional as they may bias judgement, thought, behaviour in a manner that is self-destructive or maladaptive.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williamson DA, Muller SL, Reas DL, Thaw JM |title=Cognitive bias in eating disorders: implications for theory and treatment |journal=Behavior Modification |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=556–77 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10533440 |doi=10.1177/0145445599234003 |s2cid=36189809 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12768068}}</ref> They may have developed a disordered schema which focuses on body size and eating. Thus, this information is given the highest level of importance and overvalued among other cognitive structures. Researchers have found that people who have eating disorders tend to pay more attention to stimuli related to food. For people struggling to recover from an eating disorder or addiction, this tendency to pay attention to certain signals while discounting others can make recovery that much more difficult.<ref name=":3" />

Studies have utilized the Stroop task to assess the probable effect of attentional bias on eating disorders. This may involve separating food and eating words from body shape and weight words. Such studies have found that anorexic subjects were slower to colour name food related words than control subjects.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Faunce GJ |title=Eating disorders and attentional bias: a review |journal=Eating Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=125–39 |date=2002-06-01 |pmid=16864253 |doi=10.1080/10640260290081696 |s2cid=33900087}}</ref> Other studies have noted that individuals with eating disorders have significant attentional biases associated with eating and weight stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aspen V, Darcy AM, Lock J |title=A review of attention biases in women with eating disorders |journal=Cognition & Emotion |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=820–38 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23228135 |pmc=3610839 |doi=10.1080/02699931.2012.749777}}</ref>