Editing Dysprosium (section)

==Applications==
Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with [[vanadium]] and other elements, in making [[laser]] materials and commercial lighting. Because of dysprosium's high [[thermal neutron|thermal-neutron]] absorption cross-section, dysprosium-oxide–nickel [[cermet]]s are used in neutron-absorbing [[control rod]]s in [[nuclear reactor]]s.<ref name="nbb" /><ref>{{cite journal |title= Development of Dysprosium Titanate Based Ceramics |first1 = Sinha |last1 = Amit |journal = Journal of the American Ceramic Society |volume = 88 |issue = 4 |year = 2005 |pages = 1064–1066 |doi = 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00211.x |last2= Sharma |first2= Beant Prakash}}</ref> Dysprosium–[[cadmium]] [[chalcogen]]ides are sources of [[infrared]] radiation, which is useful for studying chemical reactions.<ref name="CRC" /> Because dysprosium and its compounds are highly susceptible to magnetization, they are employed in various data-storage applications, such as in [[hard disk drive|hard disks]].<ref name="lagowski">{{cite book |title = Chemistry Foundations and Applications |volume = 2 |editor = Lagowski, J. J. |pages = [https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/267 267–268] |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-02-865724-0 |publisher = Thomson Gale |url = https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/267}}</ref> Dysprosium is increasingly in demand for the permanent magnets used in electric-car motors<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/dyspro-what-why-an-obscure-element-has-the-ev-industry-in-a-panic-70623bf4?mod=hp_featst_pos4|title=Dyspro-what? Why an Obscure Element Has the EV Industry in a Panic|first=Sean|last=McLain|website=WSJ}}</ref> and wind-turbine generators.<ref name="MIT-TechRev">{{cite web |last1=Bourzac |first1=Katherine |title=The Rare Earth Crisis |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423730/the-rare-earth-crisis/ |publisher=MIT Technology Review |date=19 April 2011 |access-date=18 June 2016}}</ref>

[[Neodymium]]–iron–boron [[Neodymium magnet|magnets]] can have up to 6% of the neodymium substituted by dysprosium<ref>{{cite journal |journal = IEEE Transactions on Magnetics |title = Modeling of magnetic properties of heat treated Dy-doped NdFeB particles bonded in isotropic and anisotropic arrangements |last1 = Shi |first1 = Fang, X. |year = 1998 |volume = 34 |issue = 4 |pages = 1291–1293 |doi = 10.1109/20.706525 |last2 = Shi |first2 = Y. |last3 = Jiles |first3 = D. C. |bibcode = 1998ITM....34.1291F |url = https://zenodo.org/record/1232140 |type = Submitted manuscript}}</ref> to raise the [[coercivity]] for demanding applications, such as drive motors for electric vehicles and generators for wind turbines. This substitution would require up to 100&nbsp;grams of dysprosium per electric car produced. Based on [[Toyota]]'s projected 2&nbsp;million units per year, the use of dysprosium in applications such as this would quickly exhaust its available supply.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supply and Demand, Part 2 |first=Peter |last=Campbell |publisher=Princeton Electro-Technology, Inc. |date=February 2008 |url=http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm |access-date =2008-11-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080604005700/http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm |archive-date = June 4, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The dysprosium substitution may also be useful in other applications because it improves the corrosion resistance of the magnets.<ref>{{cite journal |journal = Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials |volume = 283 |issue = 2–3 |year = 2004 |pages =353–356 |doi = 10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.06.006 |title = Effects of Dy and Nb on the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of sintered NdFeB |first1 = L. Q. |last1 = Yu |last2 = Wen |first2 = Y. |last3 = Yan |first3 = M. |bibcode = 2004JMMM..283..353Y }}</ref>

Dysprosium is one of the components of [[Terfenol-D]], along with iron and terbium. Terfenol-D has the highest room-temperature [[magnetostriction]] of any known material,<ref name="etrema">{{cite web |title=What is Terfenol-D? |url=http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/ |publisher=ETREMA Products, Inc. |year=2003 |access-date=2008-11-06 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510114041/http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/ |archive-date=2015-05-10 }}</ref> which is employed in [[transducer]]s, wide-band [[Resonator#Mechanical|mechanical resonators]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Wide Band Tunable Mechanical Resonator Employing the Δ''E'' Effect of Terfenol-D |author=Kellogg, Rick |journal = Journal of Intelligent Material Systems & Structures |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=355–368 |date=May 2004 |doi=10.1177/1045389X04040649 |last2=Flatau |first2=Alison|author2-link=Alison Flatau|s2cid=110609960 }}</ref> and high-precision liquid-fuel injectors.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Take Terfenol-D and call me |author = Leavitt, Wendy |journal = Fleet Owner |volume = 95 |issue = 2 |pages =97 |date = February 2000 |url=http://fleetowner.com/mag/fleet_terfenold_call |access-date = 2008-11-06}}</ref>

Dysprosium is used in [[dosimeter]]s for measuring [[ionizing radiation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/dysprosium-properties-and-applications.html |title=Dysprosium: Properties and Applications |last=Loewen |first=Eric |website=Standford Advanced Materials |access-date=Sep 15, 2024}}</ref> Crystals of [[calcium sulfate]] or [[calcium fluoride]] are doped with dysprosium. When these crystals are exposed to radiation, the dysprosium atoms become [[excited state|excited]] and [[luminescent]]. The luminescence can be measured to determine the degree of exposure to which the dosimeter has been subjected.<ref name="nbb" />

Nanofibers of dysprosium compounds have high strength and a large surface area. Therefore, they can be used to reinforce other materials and act as a catalyst. Fibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride can be produced by heating an aqueous solution of DyBr<sub>3</sub> and NaF to 450&nbsp;°C at 450&nbsp;[[bar (unit)|bars]] for 17&nbsp;hours. This material is remarkably robust, surviving over 100&nbsp;hours in various aqueous solutions at temperatures exceeding 400&nbsp;°C without redissolving or aggregating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pnl.gov/supercriticalfluid/tech_oxidation.stm |title=Supercritical Water Oxidation/Synthesis |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |access-date=2009-06-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080420144601/http://www.pnl.gov/supercriticalfluid/tech_oxidation.stm |archive-date = 2008-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://availabletechnologies.pnl.gov/technology.asp?id=152 |title=Rare Earth Oxide Fluoride: Ceramic Nano-particles via a Hydrothermal Method |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |access-date=2009-06-06 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527103533/http://availabletechnologies.pnl.gov/technology.asp?id=152 |archive-date=2010-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Unusual dysprosium ceramic nano-fiber growth in a supercritical aqueous solution |author1=Hoffman, M. M. |author2=Young, J. S. |author3=Fulton, J. L. |journal= J. Mater. Sci. |volume =35 |year =2000 |page = 4177 |doi=10.1023/A:1004875413406 |issue=16 |bibcode = 2000JMatS..35.4177H |s2cid=55710942 }}</ref> Additionally, dysprosium has been used to create a two dimensional [[supersolid]] in a laboratory environment. Supersolids are expected to exhibit unusual properties, including superfluidity.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livescience.com/first-2d-supersolid.html | title=Physicists give weird new phase of matter an extra dimension | publisher=Live Science |date=18 August 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref>

Dysprosium iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high-intensity [[metal-halide lamp]]s. These compounds dissociate near the hot center of the lamp, releasing isolated dysprosium atoms. The latter re-emit light in the green and red part of the spectrum, thereby effectively producing bright light.<ref name="nbb" /><ref name="gray">{{cite book |title = The Elements |author = Gray, Theodore |pages = [https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/152 152–153] |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-57912-814-2 |publisher = Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers |url = https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/152}}</ref>

Several paramagnetic crystal salts of dysprosium (dysprosium gallium garnet, DGG; dysprosium aluminium garnet, DAG; dysprosium iron garnet, DyIG) are used in [[Magnetic refrigeration|adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators]].<ref>Milward, Steve et al. (2004). [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mssl/cryogenics/documents/5LH01.pdf "Design, Manufacture and Test of an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Magnet for use in Space"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215527/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mssl/cryogenics/documents/5LH01.pdf |date=2013-10-04 }}. University College London.</ref><ref>Hepburn, Ian. [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mssl/cryogenics/documents/ADR_presentation__Compatibility_Mode_.pdf "Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator: A Practical Point of View"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212731/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/mssl/cryogenics/documents/ADR_presentation__Compatibility_Mode_.pdf |date=2013-10-04 }}. Cryogenic Physics Group, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London.</ref>

The trivalent dysprosium ion (Dy<sup>3+</sup>) has been studied due to its downshifting luminescence properties. Dy-doped [[yttrium aluminium garnet]] ([[Yttrium aluminium garnet#Dy:YAG|Dy:YAG]]) excited in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum results in the emission of photons of longer wavelength in the visible region. This idea is the basis for a new generation of UV-pumped white light-emitting diodes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carreira |first1=J. F. C. |title=YAG:Dy – Based single white light emitting phosphor produced by solution combustion synthesis |journal=Journal of Luminescence |date=2017 |volume=183 |pages=251–258 |doi=10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.11.017 |bibcode=2017JLum..183..251C}}</ref>

The stable isotopes of dysprosium have been [[laser cooled]] and confined in [[magneto-optical trap]]s<ref name = DyMOT>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=M.|last2=Youn|first2=S.-H.|last3=Lev|first3=B.|date=2010|title=Trapping Ultracold Dysprosium: A Highly Magnetic Gas for Dipolar Physics|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=104|issue=6 |pages=063001| doi=10.1103/physrevlett.104.063001  |pmid=20366817 |arxiv=0912.0050 |bibcode=2010PhRvL.104f3001L |s2cid=7614035 }}</ref> for [[quantum physics]] experiments.  The first Bose and Fermi [[Bose–Einstein condensate|quantum degenerate gases]] of an [[electron configuration|open shell]] lanthanide were created with dysprosium.<ref name = DyBec>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=M.|last2=Burdick|first2=N.|last3=Youn|first3=S.-H.|last4=Lev|first4=B.|date=2011|title=Strongly Dipolar Bose–Einstein Condensate of Dysprosium|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=107|issue=19 |pages=190401 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.107.190401  |pmid=22181585 |arxiv=1108.5993 |bibcode=2011PhRvL.107s0401L |s2cid=21945255 }}</ref><ref name = DyFermi>{{Cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=M.|last2=Burdick|first2=N.|last3=Lev|first3=B.|date=2012|title=Quantum Degenerate Dipolar Fermi Gas|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=108|issue=21 |pages=215301 | doi=10.1103/physrevlett.108.215301  |pmid=23003275 |arxiv=1202.4444 |bibcode=2012PhRvL.108u5301L |s2cid=15650840 }}</ref>  Because dysprosium is highly magnetic—indeed it is the most magnetic [[fermion]]ic element and nearly tied with terbium for most magnetic [[boson]]ic atom<ref name=NIST>{{cite journal | last1=Martin | first1=W C | last2=Zalubas | first2=R | last3=Hagan | first3=L | title=Atomic energy levels - the rare earth elements.| website=OSTI.GOV | date=January 1978 | osti=6507735 | url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6507735 | access-date=2023-03-11}}</ref>—such gases serve as the basis for [[quantum simulation]] with strongly [[dipole|dipolar]] atoms.<ref name = DipolarRev>{{Cite journal|last1=Chomaz|first1=L.|last2=Ferrier-Barbut|first2=I.|last3=Ferlaino|first3=F.|last4=Laburthe-Tolra|first4=B.|last5=Lev|first5=B.|last6=Pfau|first6=T.|date=2022|title=Dipolar physics: a review of experiments with magnetic quantum gases|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys.|volume=86|issue=2 |page=026401 | doi=10.1088/1361-6633/aca814|pmid=36583342 |arxiv=2201.02672 |s2cid=245837061 }}</ref>

Due to its strong magnetic properties, dysprosium alloys are used in the marine industry's sound navigation and ranging ([[SONAR]]) system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/lanthanide.html |title=What Are the Lanthanide Series? |last=Lowen |first=Eric |website=Stanford Advanced Materials |access-date=Aug 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Department of Defense Appropriation Bill, 1999 |year=1998 |author=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf3KgwmoXbwC&q=Department+of+Defense+Appropriation+Bill,+1999 |page=111 |access-date=Aug 2, 2024}}</ref> The inclusion of dysprosium alloys in the design of [[SONAR]] [[transducers]] and receivers can improve sensitivity and accuracy by providing more stable and efficient magnetic fields.<ref>{{cite book |author=Charles Sherman, John Butler |year=2007 |title=Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound |publisher=Springer New York |page=46 |chapter=Chapter 2 - Electroacoustic Transduction |isbn=9780387331393}}</ref>