Editing Dunstanburgh Castle (section)

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:Pillbox overlooking Embleton Bay, north of Dunstanburgh Castle - geograph.org.uk - 818577.jpg|thumb|A type 24 concrete [[pillbox (military)|pillbox]] from the [[Second World War]], positioned north of the castle<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=53}}</ref>]]
A golf course was constructed alongside the castle in 1900, and the estate was later sold to Sir [[Arthur Sutherland]], a wealthy shipowner, in 1919.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=33–34}}</ref> Sutherland opened an additional course at the castle in 1922, designed by the Scottish golfer, [[James Braid (golfer)|James Braid]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=34}}</ref> The costs of maintaining the property became too much for him and, after undertaking eight years of clearance work in the 1920s, he placed the castle into the guardianship of the state in 1930, with the [[First Commissioner of Works|Commissioners of Works]] taking control of the property.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|2011|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=11, 20}}; {{harvnb|Blair|Honeyman|1955|p=11}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/1-prehistory/ | title=Into the 20th century |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Archaeological investigations were carried out as part of the clearance work by H. Honeyman in 1929, exposing more of the main gatehouse, and further work was carried out under [[Robert Carr Bosanquet|Robert Bosanquet]] in the 1930s.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=13}}</ref> Aerial photography was carried out by [[Walter Aitchison]] for the [[Ordnance Survey]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=15}}</ref>

Shortly after the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], concerns grew in the British government about the [[Operation Sealion|threat of German invasion]] along the east coast of England.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=87}}</ref> The bays just to the north of Dunstanburgh Castle were vulnerable targets for an enemy amphibious landing, and efforts were made to fortify the castle and the surrounding area in 1940, as part of a wider line of defences erected by Sir [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside|Edmund Ironside]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=87}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=52}}</ref>

The castle itself was occupied by a unit of the [[Royal Armoured Corps]], who served as observers; the soldiers appear to have relied on the stone walls for protection rather than trenches, and, unusually, no additional firing points were cut out of the stonework, as typically happened elsewhere.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=87, 89}}; {{cite web | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/dunstanburgh-castle/history-and-research/history/1-prehistory/ | title=Into the 20th century |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 | publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> The surrounding beaches were defended with lines of [[barbed wire]], slit [[trenches]] and square weapons pits, reinforced by concrete [[pillbox (military)|pillbox]]es to the north and south of the castle, at least partially laid down by the 1st Battalion [[Essex Regiment]].<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=87, 89}}</ref>

[[File:Six Spot Burnet Moth, Dunstanburgh Castle - geograph.org.uk - 121013.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Six-spot burnet]] moth, part of the [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] around the castle]]
A {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} wide ditch was dug at the north end of the moat to prevent [[tank]]s from breaking through and following the track south past the castle, and a {{convert|545|by|151|ft|m|adj=on}} wide [[Anti-personnel mine|anti-personnel]] [[minefield]] was laid to the south-west to prevent infantry soldiers from circumventing the castle's defences and advancing down into Craster.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=89–90}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=53}}</ref> After the end of the war, the barbed wire was cleared away from the beaches by local Italian prisoners of war, although the two pillboxes, the remnants of the anti-tank ditch and some of the trenches and weapons pits remain.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=87, 89–90}}; {{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=56, 58}}</ref>

In 1961, Arthur's son, Sir Ivan Sutherland, passed the estate to the [[National Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=MDT-Type&blobheadername3=Content-Type&blobheadervalue1=inline%3B+filename%3D297%252F965%252Fnt_acquisitions_dec2011-2%252C2.pdf&blobheadervalue2=abinary%3B+charset%3DUTF-8&blobheadervalue3=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1349117284549&ssbinary=true |title=Acquisitions up to 2011: An Historical Summary of Trust Acquisitions (Including Covenants) |page=101 |mode=cs2 |access-date=23 August 2014 |publisher=The National Trust |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144751/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition&blobheadername2=MDT-Type&blobheadername3=Content-Type&blobheadervalue1=inline%3B+filename%3D297%252F965%252Fnt_acquisitions_dec2011-2%252C2.pdf&blobheadervalue2=abinary%3B+charset%3DUTF-8&blobheadervalue3=application%2Fpdf&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1349117284549&ssbinary=true |archive-date=14 July 2014  }}</ref> Archaeological surveys were carried out in 1985, 1986 and 1989 by [[Durham University]], and between 2003 and 2006 researchers from [[English Heritage]] carried a major archaeological investigation of {{convert|35|hectare}} of land around the castle.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|p=16}}</ref>

In the 21st century, the castle remains owned by the National Trust and is managed by [[English Heritage]].<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=5}}</ref> The site is a [[Scheduled monument|Scheduled Ancient Monument]] and the ruins are protected under UK law as a [[Listed building|Grade I listed building]].<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|p=7}}</ref> It lies within the [[Northumberland Coast National Landscape|Northumberland Coast]] [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is part of a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]], with parts of the site comprising a [[Special Protection Area]] for the conservation of wild birds.<ref>{{harvnb|Middleton|Hardie|2009|pp=7–8}}</ref> The National Trust has encouraged the land around the outside of the castle to remain waterlogged to enable the conservation of [[amphibians]] and bird species, and the inside of the castle is protected from grazing animals to encourage nesting birds.<ref>{{harvnb|Oswald|Ashbee|Porteous|Huntley|2006|pp=4–5}}</ref>