Editing Domestication (section)

=== Differences from wild plants ===

{{main|Domestication syndrome#In plants}}

[[File:Usdaeinkorn1 Triticum monococcum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Einkorn wheat]] shatters into individual [[spikelet]]s, making [[harvest]]ing difficult. Domesticated cereals do not [[Shattering (agriculture)|shatter]].<ref>Snir, Ainit and Weiss, Ehud 2014 A novel morphometric method for differentiating wild and domesticated barley through intra-rachis measurements, ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 44: 69–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.014</ref><ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />]]

Domesticated plants differ from their wild relatives in many ways, including

* lack of [[Shattering (agriculture)|shattering]] such as of cereal ears (ripe heads),<ref name="Purugganan Fuller 2009"/> loss of fruit [[abscission]]<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013"/>
* less efficient [[breeding system]] (e.g. without normal [[pollinating]] organs, making human intervention a requirement), larger seeds<!--e.g. wheat--> with lower success in the wild,<ref name="Purugganan Fuller 2009"/> or even sterility (e.g. [[Fruit#Seedless fruits|seedless fruits]]) and therefore only vegetative reproduction<ref name="Agusti citrus 2020">{{cite book |last1=Agusti |first1=Manuel |last2=Primo-Millo |first2=Eduardo |date=2020 |title=The Genus Citrus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128121634000115 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |pages=219–244 |isbn=978-0-12-812163-4}}</ref><ref name="Perrier banana 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Perrier |first1=Xavier |last2=Bakry |first2=Frédéric |last3=Carreel |first3=Françoise |last4=Jenny |first4=Christophe |last5=Horry |first5=Jean-Pierre |last6=Lebot |first6=Vincent |last7=Hippolyte |first7=Isabelle |display-authors=3 |title=Combining Biological Approaches to Shed Light on the Evolution of Edible Bananas |journal=Ethnobotany Research & Applications|date=2009 |volume=7 |pages=199–216 |url=http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/article/download/362/231 |doi=10.17348/era.7.0.199-216 |hdl=10125/12515 |access-date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=November 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116055142/http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/article/download/362/231 |url-status=live |doi-access=free|hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* better [[palatability]] (e.g. higher sugar content, reduced bitterness), better smell, and lower toxicity<ref name="Milla Osborne Turcotte Violle 2015" /><ref name="Wu Guo Mu 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yuye |last2=Guo |first2=Tingting |last3=Mu |first3=Qi |last4=Wang |first4=Jinyu |last5=Li |first5=Xin |last6=Wu |first6=Yun |last7=Tian |first7=Bin |last8=Wang |first8=Ming Li |last9=Bai |first9=Guihua |last10=Perumal |first10=Ramasamy |last11=Trick |first11=Harold N. |display-authors=3 |date=December 2019 |title=Allelochemicals targeted to balance competing selections in African agroecosystems |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-019-0563-0 |journal=Nature Plants |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=1229–1236 |doi=10.1038/s41477-019-0563-0 |pmid=31792396 |bibcode=2019NatPl...5.1229W |s2cid=208539527}}</ref>
* edible part larger, e.g. cereal grains<ref name="Kantar-et-al-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kantar |first1=Michael B. |last2=Tyl |first2=Catrin E. |last3=Dorn |first3=Kevin M. |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiaofei |last5=Jungers |first5=Jacob M. |last6=Kaser |first6=Joe M. |last7=Schendel |first7=Rachel R. |last8=Eckberg |first8=James O. |last9=Runck |first9=Bryan C. |last10=Bunzel |first10=Mirko |last11=Jordan |first11=Nick R. |last12=Stupar |first12=Robert M. |last13=Marks |first13=M. David |last14=Anderson |first14=James A. |last15=Johnson |first15=Gregg A. |last16=Sheaffer |first16=Craig C. |last17=Schoenfuss |first17=Tonya C. |last18=Ismail |first18=Baraem |last19=Heimpel |first19=George E. |last20=Wyse |first20=Donald L. |display-authors=3 |title=Perennial Grain and Oilseed Crops |journal=[[Annual Review of Plant Biology]] |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |volume=67 |issue=1 |date=2016-04-29 |doi=10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112311 |pages=703–729 |pmid=26789233|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016AnRPB..67..703K }}</ref> or fruits<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Lenser |first1=Teresa |last2=Theißen |first2=Günter |title=Molecular mechanisms involved in convergent crop domestication |journal=[[Trends in Plant Science]] |publisher=[[Cell Press]] |volume=18 |issue=12 |date=2013 |doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2013.08.007 |pages=704–714 |pmid=24035234|bibcode=2013TPS....18..704L }}</ref> 
* edible part more easily separated from non-edible part<ref name="Kantar-et-al-2016" />
* increased number of fruits or grains<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />
* altered color, taste, and texture<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />
* [[daylength]] independence<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />
* [[determinate growth]]<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />
* reduced or no [[vernalization]]<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />
* less [[seed dormancy]].<ref name="Lenser-Theissen-2013" />

[[Plant defense against herbivory|Plant defenses against herbivory]], such as [[thorns, spines, and prickles]], poison, protective coverings, and sturdiness may have been reduced in domesticated plants. This would make them more likely to be eaten by herbivores unless protected by humans, but there is only weak support for most of this.<ref name="Milla Osborne Turcotte Violle 2015" /> Farmers did select for reduced bitterness and lower toxicity and for food quality, which likely increased crop palatability to herbivores as to humans.<ref name="Milla Osborne Turcotte Violle 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Milla |first1=Rubén |last2=Osborne |first2=Colin P. |last3=Turcotte |first3=Martin M. |last4=Violle |first4=Cyrille |title=Plant domestication through an ecological lens |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=30 |issue=8 |date=2015 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.006 |pages=463–469|pmid=26138385 |bibcode=2015TEcoE..30..463M }}</ref> However, a survey of 29 plant domestications found that crops were as well-defended against two major insect pests ([[beet armyworm]] and [[green peach aphid]]) both chemically (e.g. with bitter substances) and morphologically (e.g. with toughness) as their wild ancestors.<ref name="Turcotte Turley Johnson 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Turcotte |first1=Martin M. |last2=Turley |first2=Nash E. |last3=Johnson |first3=Marc T. J. |title=The impact of domestication on resistance to two generalist herbivores across 29 independent domestication events |journal=New Phytologist |publisher=Wiley |volume=204 |issue=3 |date=18 July 2014 |doi=10.1111/nph.12935 |pages=671–681|pmid=25039644 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014NewPh.204..671T }}</ref>