Editing Dictatorship (section)

=== Early dictatorships ===
[[File:Santaanna1.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Military dictator [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] wearing a Mexican military uniform<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Will |date=2015-04-02 |title=Santa Anna and His Legacy |url=https://oxfordre.com/latinamericanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.001.0001/acrefore-9780199366439-e-18 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.18 |isbn=978-0-19-936643-9}}</ref>]]
Dictatorship is historically associated with the Ancient Greek concept of [[tyranny]], and several ancient Greek rulers have been described as "tyrants" who are comparable to modern dictators.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Papanikos |first=Gregory Τ. |date=2022 |title=The Five Ancient Criteria of Democracy: The Apotheosis of Equality |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357821988 |journal=Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.30958/ajha.9-2-1|s2cid=245951706 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The concept of "dictator" was first developed during the [[Roman Republic]]. A [[Roman dictator]] was a special [[Roman magistrate|magistrate]] that was temporarily appointed by the [[Roman consul|consul]] during times of crisis and granted total executive authority. The role of the dictator was created for instances when a single leader was needed to command and restore stability.<ref name=":8" /> At least 85 such dictators were chosen for the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the [[Second Punic War]]. The dictatorship was revived 120 years later by [[Sulla]] after his [[Sulla's civil war|crushing]] of a populist movement, and 33 years after that by [[Julius Caesar]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Dictator: The Evolution of the Roman Dictatorship |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780472129201 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Caesar subverted the tradition of temporary dictatorships when he was made {{lang|la|[[dictator perpetuo]]}}, or a dictator for life, which led to the creation of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeev |first=Miriam Pucci Ben |date=1996 |title=When was the title "Dictator perpetuus" given to Caesar ? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41658953 |journal=L'Antiquité Classique |volume=65 |pages=251–253 |doi=10.3406/antiq.1996.1259 |jstor=41658953 |issn=0770-2817}}</ref> The rule of a dictator was not necessarily considered tyrannical in Ancient Rome, though it has been described in some accounts as a "temporary tyranny" or an "elective tyranny".<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Kalyvas |first=Andreas |date=2007 |title=The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591707302208 |journal=Political Theory |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=412–442 |doi=10.1177/0090591707302208 |s2cid=144115904 |issn=0090-5917}}</ref>

Asia saw several military dictatorships during the [[Post-classical history|post-classical era]]. Korea experienced military dictatorships under the rule of [[Yeon Gaesomun]] in the 7th century<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ki-Baik |title=A New History of Korea |date=1984 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674615762 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=48 |language=en |translator-last=Wagner |translator-first=Edward W. |translator-last2=Shultz |translator-first2=Edward J.}}</ref> and under the rule of the [[Goryeo military regime]] in the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Ki-Baik |title=A New History of Korea |date=1984 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674615762 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=139–154 |language=en |translator-last=Wagner |translator-first=Edward W. |chapter=Rule by the Military |translator-last2=Shultz |translator-first2=Edward J.}}</ref> [[Shogun]]s were ''de facto'' military dictators in Japan beginning in 1185 and continuing for over six hundred years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shinoda |first=Minoru |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/shin93498/html |title=The Founding of the Kamakura Shogunate 1180–1185. With Selected Translations from the Azuma Kagami |date=1960-03-02 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-89400-5 |pages=3–4 |language=en |doi=10.7312/shin93498}}</ref> During the [[Lê dynasty]] of Vietnam between the 16th and 18th centuries, the country was under ''de facto'' military rule by two rival military families: the [[Trịnh lords]] in the north and the [[Nguyễn lords]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=Mark W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2TerRF1j74C |title=Culture and Customs of Vietnam |last2=Nguyen |first2=Thi Dieu |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30485-9 |pages=18 |language=en}}</ref> In Europe, the [[Commonwealth of England]] under [[Oliver Cromwell]], formed in 1649 after the [[Second English Civil War]], has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woolrych |first=Austin |date=1990 |title=The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420972 |journal=History |volume=75 |issue=244 |pages=207–231 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01515.x |jstor=24420972 |issn=0018-2648}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodlad |first=Graham |title=Oliver Cromwell |year=2007 |isbn=9786612040436 |pages=22 |quote=It would forever attach the label–however unjustified–of 'military dictator' to Cromwell's reputation.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bychowski |first1=Gustav |last2=Bychowski |first2=Gustaw |date=1943 |title=Dictators and Their Followers: A Theory of Dictatorship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24725069 |journal=Bulletin of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=455–457 |jstor=24725069 |issn=0376-2327}}</ref> [[Maximilien Robespierre]] has been similarly described as a dictator while he controlled the [[National Convention]] in France and carried out the [[Reign of Terror]] in 1793 and 1794.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Marik |first=Soma |title=Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758-1794) |date=2009-04-20 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1264 |encyclopedia=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest |pages=1–5 |editor-last=Ness |editor-first=Immanuel |place=Oxford, UK |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp1264 |isbn=978-1-4051-9807-3 |access-date=2022-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Minchul |date=2015-10-03 |title=The many Robespierres from 1794 to the present |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01916599.2015.1029729 |journal=History of European Ideas |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=992–996 |doi=10.1080/01916599.2015.1029729 |s2cid=144194413 |issn=0191-6599}}</ref>

Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prieto |first=Moisés |title=Dictatorship in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptualisations, Experiences, Transfers |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=9780367457174 |edition=1st |chapter=Introduction |doi=10.4324/9781003024927 |s2cid=237768077}}</ref> In Europe it was often thought of in terms of [[Bonapartism]] and [[Caesarism]], with the former describing the military rule of [[Napoleon]] and the latter describing the imperial rule of [[Napoleon III]] in the vein of Julius Caesar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richter |first=Melvin |date=2005 |title=A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1474885105052703 |journal=European Journal of Political Theory |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=221–248 |doi=10.1177/1474885105052703 |s2cid=143577539 |issn=1474-8851}}</ref> The [[Spanish American wars of independence]] took place in the early-19th century, creating many new [[Latin America]]n governments. Many of these governments fell under the control of ''[[caudillo]]s'', or personalist dictators. Most caudillos came from a military background, and their rule was typically associated with pageantry and glamor. Caudillos were often nominally constrained by a constitution, but the caudillo had the power to draft a new constitution as he wished. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Charles E. |date=1932 |title=The Age of the Caudillos: A Chapter in Hispanic American History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506672 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=281–300 |doi=10.2307/2506672 |jstor=2506672 |issn=0018-2168}}</ref>