Editing Demographics of Bahrain (section)

== Ethnic groups ==
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic groups in Bahrain (2020)<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/|title= Middle East: Bahrain|date= 23 April 2022|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic groups
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Bahraini citizens|red|47.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Asians|Asian]] (mostly [[South Asia]]) |blue|43.4}}
{{bar percent|other [[Arabs]]|yellow|5.8}}
{{bar percent|[[African diaspora|African]]|pink|1.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Europeans|European]]|black|0.8}}
{{bar percent|[[North Americans]]|orange|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Others|purple|0.1}}
}}
{{See also|Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain}}

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| image1            = Salwa Bukhait, Bahrain TV - Apr 25, 2020.jpg
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| image2            = Sonya Janahi.jpg
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| footer            = Ethnic diversity of Bahrain
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| image3            = Mamdouh Abbas Al-Saleh, Bahrain TV - Apr 11, 2021.jpg
| image4            = Bahrain Irish Delegation meet with Nabeel Rajab, President, Bahrain Centre for Human Rights..jpg
| image5            = Hind Al-Bahrainiya.jpg
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Regarding the ethnicity of Bahrainis, a ''[[Financial Times]]'' article published on 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] state, both religiously and racially. Discounting temporary immigrants of the past ten years, there are at least eight or nine communities on the island".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=BAHRAIN |url=https://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/bahrain.htm |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.solarnavigator.net}}</ref> Furthermore, sources claim that the government of Bahrain is said to have naturalised Sunnis from different countries to increase the Sunni population in comparison to the [[Baharna|''Indigenous Shias'']] including people from [[Demographics of India|India]], [[Demographics of Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Demographics of Jordan|Jordan]], [[Demographics of Yemen|Yemen]], [[Demographics of Syria|Syria]], [[Demographics of Iraq|Iraq]] and [[Demographics of Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahrainis allege a plot to change country's sectarian balance |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/bahrainis-allege-plot-change-countrys-sectarian-balance |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shias accuse Bahrain of naturalising more Sunnis – GCC |url=https://gcclub.org/0000/00/00/shias-accuse-bahrain-of-naturalising-more-sunnis/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> These may be classified as:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Community !! Description
|-
|[[Baharna|Baharna/Bahranis]] || The indigenous inhabitants of Bahrain. The overwhelming majority are Shia.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Ajam of Bahrain|Ajams]] (Iranic and Iranian roots)|| [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]]; [[Lurs]] (Shia), [[Achomi people|Achomis]] (Sunni, Shia) , [[Baloch people|Baluchs]] (Sunnis), [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]; [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azeris]], [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]]... 
|-
|[[Bahraini Jews]]<ref name=":1" />|| Jews have inhabited Bahrain for centuries. Most native Bahraini Jews are of Mesopotamian and Persian descent. 
|-
|[[Huwala people|Huwala Arabs]] || Sunni Arabs who re-migrated back from the southern coasts of Iran
|-
|[[Bedouin|Tribal Arabs]]|| Urbanized Sunni Bahrainis of [[Bedouin]] ancestry, such as the [[Utoob]], [[Dawasir]] etc.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Najdis<ref name=":1" />
|Non-tribal urban Sunni Arabs from Najd in central Arabia.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Afro-Arabs]] || Descendants of Africans, primarily from East Africa and of mostly [[Sunni]] faith
|-
|Banyan ([[Bania (caste)|Bania]]) || Indians who traded with Bahrain and settled before the age of oil (formerly known as the ''Hunood'' or ''Banyan'', {{langx|ar|البونيان}}), of mostly [[Hindu]] faith.<ref name=":1" />
|}

Non-nationals make up more than half of the population of Bahrain, with immigrants making up about 52.6% of the overall population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bahrain/|title=Bahrain|date=September 27, 2021|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}}</ref>  Of those, the vast majority come from South and Southeast Asia: according to various media reports and government statistics dated between 2005 and 2012 roughly 350,000 Indians,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information Wing: Indian Community|url=https://eoi.gov.in/bahrain/?2671?000|access-date=2021-10-27|website=eoi.gov.in}}</ref> 150,000 Bangladeshis,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Relation|url=http://www.bdembassy.org.bh/the-embassy/relation/|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Embassy of Bangladesh in Bahrain|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027113938/http://www.bdembassy.org.bh/the-embassy/relation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 110,000 Pakistanis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.pk/documents/handbook.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.mofa.gov.pk |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401132152/http://www.mofa.gov.pk/documents/handbook.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 40,000 Filipinos,<ref name="FS1">{{cite news|url=http://filamstar.net/index.php?id=4717|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221121119/http://filamstar.net/index.php?id=4717|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 21, 2013|title=Filipinos etching credible mark in Bahrain|last=Hampton|first=Maricar|date=6 July 2012|publisher=FilAm Star|access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> and 8,000 Indonesians.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=189859|periodical=Gulf Daily News|date=2007-08-07|access-date=2009-05-12|title=Indonesians encouraged|archive-date=2011-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608140313/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=189859|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2023, about 4,000 people from the [[United Kingdom]] live in Bahrain,<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/bahrain UK Government website, Retrieved 2023-08-01]</ref> although some estimates are double this number.<ref>[https://britishexpatguide.co.uk/guides/moving-to-bahrain-from-uk/ British Expat Guide website, Retrieved 2023-08-01]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! <ref name="auto"/>
! Population
! Percentage
|-
| Bahraini
| 712,362
| {{percentage bar|47.4}}
|-
| Other Arabs
| 86,823
| {{percentage bar|5.8}}
|-
| African
| 21,502
| {{percentage bar|1.4}}
|-
| North American
| 16,415
| {{percentage bar|1.1}}
|-
| Asian
| 650,996
| {{percentage bar|43.4}}
|-
| European
| 11,750
| {{percentage bar|0.8}}
|-
| Others
| 1,787
| {{percentage bar|0.1}}
|-
! total
! 1,501,635
! {{percentage bar|100}}
|}

The following is a firm containing estimates from countries' embassies:<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180207171749/http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/08/bahrains-population-by-nationality archived from [http://www.bq-magazine.com/economy/socioeconomics/2015/08/bahrains-population-by-nationality the original]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nationality !! Population !! % of population !! Year of data
|-
| {{Flag|Bahrain}} || 633,784 || 45.4% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|India}} || 350,000 || 25.0% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}} || 110,000 || 7.88% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}} || 100,000 || 7.16% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}} || 50,000-60,000 || 4.30% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}} || 22,000 || 1.57% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}} || 20,000 || 1.43% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}} || 20,000 || 1.43% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}} || 10,000 || 0.71% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|UK}} || 9,000 || 0.64% || 2013
|-
| {{Flag|USA}} || 8,200 || 0.58% || 2014
|-
| {{Flag|Iran}} || 5,000-7,000 || 0.50% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Jordan}} || 6,000-7,000 || 0.50% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Sudan}} || 6,000 || 0.43% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 5,000 || 0.35% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}} || 4,750 || 0.34% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Thailand}} || 4,000 || 0.28% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Iraq}} || 3,500 || 0.25% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|New Zealand}} || 2,500 || 0.17% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}} || 2,000 || 0.14% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Tunisia}} || 1,500 || 0.10% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|China}} || 1,000 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}} || 400 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Malaysia}} || 400 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}} || 350 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Libya}} || 300-350 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}} || 350 || <0.1% || 2013
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}} || 300 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}} || 300 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}} || 260 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|South Korea}} || 220 || <0.1% || 2013
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}} || 200 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}} || 157 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}} || 150 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}} || 122 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Venezuela}} || 100 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Uganda}} || 100 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Cameroon}} || 50-100 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}} || 83 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} || 20 || <0.1% || 2015
|-
| {{Flag|Mongolia}} || 4 || <0.1% || 2015
|}

=== Genetics ===
{{See also|Genetic history of the Middle East|Demographics of Iran#Genetics|Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup}}

==== Ancient DNA and genetic history ====
A 2024 study sequenced whole genomes from four individuals who lived in Bahrain during the [[Tylos|Tylos period]] (circa 300 BCE to 600 CE).  The genetic makeup of these ancient Bahrainis revealed a blend of ancestries, primarily tracing back to ancient populations of the [[Near East]].  Analysis indicated that their genetic heritage is best described as a mixture of Ancient [[Anatolia]], [[Levant]], and [[Iran]]/[[Caucasus]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Martiniano |first=Rui |last2=Haber |first2=Marc |last3=Almarri |first3=Mohamed A. |last4=Mattiangeli |first4=Valeria |last5=Kuijpers |first5=Mirte C.M. |last6=Chamel |first6=Berenice |last7=Breslin |first7=Emily M. |last8=Littleton |first8=Judith |last9=Almahari |first9=Salman |last10=Aloraifi |first10=Fatima |last11=Bradley |first11=Daniel G. |last12=Lombard |first12=Pierre |last13=Durbin |first13=Richard |date=March 2024 |title=Ancient genomes illuminate Eastern Arabian population history and adaptation against malaria |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10943591/#:~:text=We%20extracted%20DNA%20from%2025,the%20Tylos%20period%20and%20sequenced |journal=Cell Genomics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=100507 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100507 |issn=2666-979X |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250202165248/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10943591/ |archive-date=2025-02-02}}</ref>

Subtle genetic differences were observed among the four individuals, suggesting a degree of population diversity within Bahrain even before the Islamic era. One individual displayed a stronger affinity to Levantine populations, while others showed closer genetic links to groups from Iran and the Caucasus.<ref name=":2" />

Comparing the ancient Bahraini genomes to those of modern populations revealed notable connections. Genetically, the Tylos-period individuals showed closer affinities to present-day inhabitants of Iraq and the Levant than to modern-day Arabians from the peninsula.<ref name=":2" />

==== Malaria adaptation ====
The [[G6PD]] Mediterranean mutation, known to provide protection against [[malaria]], was found in three out of the four ancient individuals. Genetic analysis suggests that this mutation began to increase in frequency in [[Eastern Arabia]] around 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. This timeframe coincides with the emergence of agriculture in the region, which could have inadvertently created environments conducive to malaria-carrying mosquitoes, thus driving natural selection for malaria resistance.<ref name=":2" />

==== Haplogroups ====
===== Y-chromosome DNA =====
[[File:Y-DNA hplogroup in the four governorates of Bahrain.png|thumb|Proportions of predicted Y-DNA haplogroups observed in the four governorates of Bahrain (Study of 2020)]]
[[Y chromosome|Y-Chromosome]] DNA (Y-DNA) represents the male lineage. In 2020, a study was made on 562 unrelated Bahraini males.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Al-Snan |first1=Noora R. |last2=Messaoudi |first2=Safia A. |last3=Khubrani |first3=Yahya M. |last4=Wetton |first4=Jon H. |last5=Jobling |first5=Mark A. |last6=Bakhiet |first6=Moiz |date=2020 |title=Geographical structuring and low diversity of paternal lineages in Bahrain shown by analysis of 27 Y-STRs |journal=Molecular Genetics and Genomics |volume=295 |issue=6 |pages=1315–1324 |doi=10.1007/s00438-020-01696-4 |issn=1617-4615 |pmc=7524810 |pmid=32588126}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref> Paternal population structure within Bahrain was investigated using the 27 Y-STRs (short tandem repeats) in the Yfiler Plus kit to generate haplotypes from 562 unrelated Bahraini males, sub-divided into four geographical regions—[[Northern Governorate|Northern]], [[Capital Governorate, Bahrain|Capital]], [[Southern Governorate|Southern]] and [[Muharraq Governorate|Muharraq]].<ref name=":0" />

Haplogroup prediction indicated diverse origins of the population with a predominance of haplogroups [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2]] and [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1]], but also haplogroups such as B2 and [[Haplogroup E-M215|E1b1a]] likely originating in Africa, and H, L and R2 likely indicative of migration from South Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Haplogroup frequencies differed significantly between regions, with J2 significantly more common in the Northern region compared with the [[Southern Governorate|Southern]], possibly due to differential settlement by [[Baharna]], [[Ajam of Bahrain|Ajams]] and Arabs.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:J2-Y-DNA-Haplogroup-Map-J2-M172-Map-J2-Haplogrubu-Haritasi-v3.png|thumb|reach of Haplotype J2]]
Haplogroup prediction suggests that haplogroup [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2]] is the most common in the Bahraini population (It is thought that J-M172 may have originated in the [[Caucasus]], [[Anatolia]] or [[Western Iran]]) encompassing 27.6% of the sample, followed by [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1]] (23.0%), [[Haplogroup E-M215|E1b1b]] (8.9%), [[Haplogroup E-V38|E1b1a]] (8.6%) and [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] (8.4%), with other predicted haplogroups (G, T, L, R1b, Q, R2, B2, E2, H and C) occurring at progressively lower frequencies.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:HG J1 (ADN-Y).PNG|thumb|Spread of Haplotype J1]]
Haplogroup [[Haplogroup J-M267|J1]] is most frequent in the [[Southern Governorate]] (27%) where the highest proportion of Arabs live, and in the [[Muharraq Governorate]] (27%) where many migrant [[Huwala people|Huwala Arabs]] resettled, and it declines to its lowest frequency in the [[Northern Governorate|Northern]] and [[Capital Governorate, Bahrain|Capital]] Governorates (21% and 19%).<ref name=":0" />

By contrast, the [[Northern Governorate|Northern]] and [[Capital Governorate, Bahrain|Capital]] Governorates where the [[Baharna]] and [[Ajam of Bahrain|Ajam]] are most represented show higher frequencies of haplogroup [[Haplogroup J-M172|J2]] (34% and 31%) than in [[Muharraq Governorate|Muharraq]] and the [[Southern Governorate]] (both 17%).<ref name=":0" />