Editing Decentralization (section)

=== Administrative ===
Four major forms of administrative decentralization have been described.<ref name=Forms>[http://www.ciesin.org/decentralization/English/General/Different_forms.html Different forms of decentralization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526101441/http://www.ciesin.org/decentralization/English/General/Different_forms.html |date=2013-05-26 }}, [[Earth Institute]] of [[Columbia University]], ''accessed February 5, 2013''.</ref><ref>"Decentralization: A Sampling of Definitions", 1999, p. 8.</ref>
* Deconcentration, the weakest form of decentralization, shifts responsibility for decision-making, finance and implementation of certain public functions<ref>By the way chosen by the Italian Supreme Court, the regional legislature is allowed to add its administrative penalties to national criminal punishment: {{cite journal|last1=Buonomo|first1=Giampiero|title=Patrimonio dello Stato: le norme speciali e il taglio abusivo di bosco|journal=Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online|date=2004|url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394418|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89394418|archive-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> from officials of central governments to those in existing districts or, if necessary, new ones under direct control of the central government.
* [[Delegation]] passes down responsibility for decision-making, finance and implementation. It involves the creation of public-private enterprises or corporations, or of "authorities", special projects or service districts. All of them will have a great deal of decision-making discretion and they may be exempt from civil service requirements and may be permitted to charge users for services.
* [[Devolution]] transfers responsibility for decision-making, finance and implementation of certain public functions to the sub-national level, such as a regional, local, or state government.
* [[Divestment]], also called [[privatization]], may mean merely contracting out services to private companies. Or it may mean relinquishing totally all responsibility for decision-making, finance and implementation of certain public functions. Facilities will be sold off, workers transferred or fired and private companies or non-for-profit organizations allowed to provide the services.<ref>[http://government.cce.cornell.edu/doc/summary.asp?id=kodras1997 Summary of Janet Kodras] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616072705/http://government.cce.cornell.edu/doc/summary.asp?id=kodras1997 |date=2012-06-16 }}, "Restructuring the State: Devolution, Privatization, and the Geographic Redistribution of Power and Capacity in Governance", from ''State Devolution in America: Implications for a Diverse Society'', Edited by Lynn Staeheli, Janet Kodras, and Colin Flint, Urban Affairs Annual Reviews 48, SAGE, 1997, pp. 79–68 at [http://government.cce.cornell.edu/ Restructuring local government project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117005814/http://government.cce.cornell.edu/ |date=2013-01-17 }} website.</ref> Many of these functions originally were done by private individuals, companies, or associations and later taken over by the government, either directly, or by regulating out of business entities which competed with newly created government programs.<ref>John Stossel, "[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0805/stossel082405.php3 Private charity would do much more – if government hadn't crowded it out] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209221256/http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0805/stossel082405.php3 |date=2013-02-09 }}", [[Jewish World Review]], August 24, 2005.</ref>