Editing Debt bondage (section)

==== From the 19th century ====
In the 19th century, people in [[Asia]] were bonded to labor due to a variety of reasons ranging from farmers mortgaging harvests to drug [[addiction|addicts]] in need for opium in [[China]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Bonded Labour and debt in the Indian Ocean World|last1=Campbell|first1=Gwyn|last2=Stanziani|first2=Alessandro|publisher=Pickering & Chatto|year=2013|isbn=9781848933781}}</ref> When a [[natural disaster]] occurred or food was scarce, people willingly chose debt bondage as a means to a secure life.<ref name=":4" /> In the early 20th century in Asia, most laborers tied to debt bondage had been born into it.<ref name=":4" /> In certain regions, such as in [[Burma]], debt bondage was far more common than slavery.<ref name=":4" /> Many went into bondage to pay off interest on a loan or to pay taxes,<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Kaarsholm|first=Preben|date=2016|title=Indian Ocean Networks and the Transmutations of Servitude: The Protector of Indian Immigrants and the Administration of Freed Slaves and Indentured Labourers in Durban in the 1870s|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|publisher=Humanities Source|volume=42|issue=3|pages=443–461|doi=10.1080/03057070.2016.1173896|s2cid=148502882|url=https://forskning.ruc.dk/da/publications/350cfc3d-d367-468f-b63a-62b4c5a63b59}}</ref> and as they worked, often on farms, [[lodging]], meals, and clothing fees were added to the existing debt causing overall debt and interest to increase. These continued added loan values made leaving servitude unattainable.<ref name=":4"/>

Moreover, after the development of the [[international economy]], more workers were needed for the pre-industrial economies of Asia during the 19th century.<ref name=":4"/> A greater demand for labor was needed in Asia to power exports to growing industrial countries like the [[United States]] and [[Germany]].<ref name=":4"/> Cultivation of [[cash crop]]s like [[coffee]], cocoa, and [[sugar]] and exploitation of minerals like [[gold]] and [[tin]] led farm owners to search for individuals in need of loans for the sake of keeping laborers permanently.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vink|first=Marcus|date=2014|title=Indian Ocean Debt Slavery|journal=Journal of African History|volume=55|issue=3}}</ref> In particular, the [[Indian indenture system]] was based on debt bondage by which an estimated two million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labor for plantations.<ref name=":4"/> It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920.<ref name=":4"/>

Poor Uighur peasants gave their own women as collateral to [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi Hindu]] bankers from [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] when taking out loans since they were too poor to pay in anything else. The Sindhi Hindus used the Uighur women as [[Concubinage|concubines]], this was accepted since Chinese officials in [[Xinjiang]] took Uighur Muslim women as concubines, unlike Russian officials in [[Russian Central Asia]], where the Sindhi Hindu merchants did not marry local women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&dq=was+that+the+women+kept+by+the+Shikarpuris+should+be+returned+to+their+original+owners.34&pg=PA268 |title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama |date=2000 |publisher=   Cambridge University Press |isbn=1139431277 |series=Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society |volume=6 |location= |pages=265–8 |quote=}}</ref>

Chinese-Moro mestizo historian [[Samuel K. Tan|Samuel Kong Tan]] wrote that on his home island of [[Siasi]], the native [[Moro people|Moro]] Muslims and Chinese had good relations. The Chinese sold guns to the Moros in exchange for marine products like shark fins, shells and pearls. The native Moros also took out loans from the Chinese creditors and with the Moros putting their women and guns up as collateral for the debts.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBFxAAAAMAAJ&q=Spanish+establishment+of+its+presence+in+the+island+.+A+1+.+French+naturalist+,+Alfred+Mar-+che+,+reported+in+1882+his+visit+to+the+small+Spanish+settle-+ment+in+Siasi+.+His+impression+of+the+village+was+one+of+peace+and+order+.+Relevant+to+the+issue+of+Chinese+integration+is+Marche%27s+note+that+there+were+already+Chinese+in+the+settle-+ment+exercising+a+good+control+of+internal+trade+and+com-+merce+.+These+were+marked+by+an+interdependent+economic+system+in+which+the+natives+happily+and+readily+exchanged+their+pearls+,+shells+,+shark+fins+,+and+marine+products+for+Chinese+and+/+or+European+items+,+including+guns+.+In+addition+,+the+Chinese+provided+a+convenient+credit+system+in+which+the+natives+mortgaged+their+guns+and+other+valuables+,+including+their+women+.+There+was+no+mention+of+Spanish+problems+with+the+system+.+There+was+an+obvious+mutuality+and+reciprocity+of+interest+in+the+practice+.+In+addition+to+the+Chinese+-+native+symbiosis |title=PDRC Currents: Bi-monthly Magazine of the PDRC., Volume 2 |date=1991 |publisher=Philippine-China Development Resource Center |isbn= |location= |page=6 |quote=Spanish establishment of its presence in the island . A 1 . French naturalist , Alfred Mar- che , reported in 1882 his visit to the small Spanish settle- ment in Siasi . His impression of the village was one of peace and order . Relevant to the issue of Chinese integration is Marche's note that there were already Chinese in the settle- ment exercising a good control of internal trade and com- merce . These were marked by an interdependent economic system in which the natives happily and readily exchanged their pearls , shells , shark fins , and marine products for Chinese and / or European items , including guns . In addition , the Chinese provided a convenient credit system in which the natives mortgaged their guns and other valuables , including their women . There was no mention of Spanish problems with the system . There was an obvious mutuality and reciprocity of interest in the practice . In addition to the Chinese - native symbiosis}}</ref>

Moro Muslim parents from [[Cotabato]] in mainland [[Mindanao]] sold their children and slaves to Chinese merchants so the Chinese could later sell them in the [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu Sultanate]] after Cotabato was hit by famine and smallpox in 1872. Jesuits stepped in by buying the children from the Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22jesuit+missionaries+bought+for+redemption+children%22&pg=PA79 |title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |date=1998 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0520210166 |series=Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies |volume=26 |location= |page=79 |issn=1051-0354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WunQEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22jesuit+missionaries+bought+for+redemption+children%22&pg=PA79 |title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520210165 |edition=reprint |series=Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies |volume=26 |location= |page=79 |issn=1051-0354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jDr1aTxEeEC&q=%22jesuit+missionaries+bought+for+redemption+children%22 |title=Islam, Elite Competition, and Ethnic Mobilization: Forms of Domination and Dissent in Cotabato, Southern Philippines |date=1990 |publisher=University Microfilms |isbn= |location= |page=121 |quote=Jesuit missionaries bought for redemption children from Chinese middlemen who had purchased them from their Muslim owners or parents with the intention of reselling them ( Bernad 1984 ) . An 1890 Jesuit report describes Chinese traders}}</ref><ref>{{cite book   |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvgztJPwruIC&q=muslime+jesuits+ransomed+famine |title=Kinaadman: Wisdom, Volume 13 |date=1991 |publisher=Xavier University |isbn= |edition= |series= |volume= |location= |page=12 |quote=famine . Not able to feed so many mouths , or to obtain money to buy rice and other foodstuffs , some of the Muslim ... Jesuit superior , Father Jose Fernandez Cuevas , had made his voyage of reconnaissance in southern Mindanao , he had}}</ref><ref>{{cite book   |last=Salman |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MacwDwAAQBAJ&dq=muslime+jesuits+ransomed+famine&pg=PA66 |title=The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies Over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines |date=2003 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=0520240715 |edition=illustrated |series= |volume= |location= |page=66 |quote=... ransom young slaves in 1872, when a smallpox ... famine, causing the Magindanao to sell slaves for greatly reduced prices. Tamontaka became an agricultural colony, supported by donations and the church hierarchy in Manila. The Jesuits ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book   |last=Bernad |first=Miguel Anselmo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjRwAAAAMAAJ&q=muslime+jesuits+ransomed+famine |title=Tradition & Discontinuity: Essays on Philippine History & Culture |date=1983 |publisher=National Book Store |isbn=9710802607 |edition= |series= |volume= |location= |page=178 |quote=Jesuits could not raise , the plan had to be shelved for a decade . But in the famine of 1872 , slaves and children were being sold cheap . The Jesuits raised funds in Manila and ransomed as many as they could . Many of the children}}</ref><ref>{{cite book   |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmdMAQAAIAAJ&q=muslime+jesuits+ransomed+famine |title=Budhi: A Journal of Ideas and Culture, Volumi 5-6 |date=2001 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University |isbn= |edition= |series= |volume= |location= |page=184 |quote=Jesuits could not raise , the plan had to be shelved for a decade . But in the famine of 1872 , slaves and children were being sold cheap . The Jesuits raised funds in Manila and ransomed as many as they could . Many of the children}}</ref>

The Cotabato-based Jesuit mission lasted from 1862 until Spanish rule in Cotabato ended and during famine and disease epidemics they bought children from Muslim parents themselves or from Chinese merchants who had bought the children from the Muslim parents and placed them into a "ransomed slave children" orphanage. The Muslim [[datu]]s sold their child slaves to the Jesuits during the famine in 1872. Thomas M. McKenna reported that he was told by Datu Adil that Moro Maguidanaons would send their slaves to schools instead of their own children in Cotabato when the Americans opened up schools so these slaves later became bureaucrats and teachers for the Magindanaons. In [[South Sulawesi]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]], elite [[Torajan people|Toraja]] would also not send their own children to school and instead send their slaves.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKenna |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WunQEAAAQBAJ&dq=muslime+jesuits+ransomed+famine&pg=PA312 |title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520210165 |edition=reprint |series=Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies |volume=26 |location= |page=312 |issn=1051-0354}}</ref>