Editing Daylight saving time (section)

=== Effects on electricity consumption ===
[[File:William-Willett.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A standing man in three-piece suit, facing camera. He is about 60 and is bald with a mustache. His left hand is in his pants pocket, and his right hand is in front of his chest, holding his pocket watch.|[[William Willett]] independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.{{sfnp|''Seize the Daylight''|2005|p=22}}]]
Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodman, A, Page, A, Cooper, A | title = Daylight saving time as a potential public health intervention: an observational study of evening daylight and objectively-measured physical activity among 23,000 children from 9 countries|journal = International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity| date = 23 October 2014| volume = 11| page = 84| doi = 10.1186/1479-5868-11-84| pmid = 25341643| pmc = 4364628| s2cid = 298351| doi-access = free}}</ref> reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime or is good for business.<ref name="CBC News-2020">{{Cite news|title=Tired of turning clocks forward and back? You have big business to thank|language=en-US|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/daylight-saving-business-energy-1.3485281|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204142613/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/daylight-saving-business-energy-1.3485281|url-status=live}}</ref> Opponents argue the actual energy savings are inconclusive.<ref>{{Citation| last=Choi| first=Charles| year=2009| title=Does Daylight Saving Time Conserve Energy?| publisher=Scientific American| publication-place =New York, NY, USA| url =https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-daylight-saving-times-save-energy/| archive-url  =https://web.archive.org/web/20140130232223/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-daylight-saving-times-save-energy/ |archive-date=30 January 2014}}</ref>

Although energy conservation goals still remain under certain conditions,<ref name="Ahuja">{{cite journal|author1=Dilip R. Ahuja|author2=D. P. Sen Gupta|author3=V. K. Agrawal|year=2007|title=Energy savings from advancing the Indian Standard Time by half an hour|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_03_0298_0302_0.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=93|issue=3|pages=298–302|access-date=20 August 2013|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233923/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_03_0298_0302_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then. In a publication from 2025, based on this change in consumption patterns, such as air conditioning systems, additional consumption is expected to occur more frequently during daylight saving time in the future.<ref name="Neumann">{{cite journal | last1 = Neumann | first1 = Philipp | last2 = Blanckenburg | first2 = Korbininan von | title = What Time Will It Be? A Comprehensive Literature Review on Daylight Saving Time | journal = Time & Society | date = 2025 | doi = 10.1177/0961463X241310562 | url = https://journals.sagepub.com/oi/10.1177/0961463X241310562 | access-date = 2 March 2025}}</ref> Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, so the results of a study conducted in one place may not be relevant to another country or climate.<ref name="Aries" /> Nevertheless, while overall electricity usage does not decrease, the evening peak demand is flattened, which in turn has a direct impact on generation costs.<ref name="Neumann"/>

A 2017 meta-analysis of 44 studies found that DST leads to electricity savings of 0.3% during the days when DST applies.<ref name="Havranek">{{Cite journal|last1=Havranek|first1=Tomas|last2=Herman|first2=Dominik|last3=Irsova|first3=Zuzana|date=1 June 2018|title=Does Daylight Saving Save Electricity? A Meta-Analysis|journal=The Energy Journal|language=en-US|volume=39|issue=2|pages=35–61 |doi=10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav|bibcode=2018EnerJ..39...35H |issn=1944-9089|s2cid=58919134}}</ref><ref name="Irsova - Doesn't">{{Cite web|last1=Irsova|first1=Zuzana|last2=Havranek|first2=Tomas|last3=Herman|first3=Dominik|date=2 December 2017|title=Daylight saving saves no energy|url=http://voxeu.org/article/daylight-saving-saves-no-energy|access-date=2 December 2017|website=VoxEU.org|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203153846/http://voxeu.org/article/daylight-saving-saves-no-energy|url-status=live}}</ref> Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption,<ref name="Aries">{{cite journal|author1=Myriam B.C. Aries|author2=Guy R. Newsham|year=2008|title=Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use: a literature review|url=https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=19fb83b6-0f6b-4d94-a1a9-6854b57c9dfd|journal=Energy Policy|volume=36|issue=6|pages=1858–1866|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.021|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-date=26 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026141756/https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=19fb83b6-0f6b-4d94-a1a9-6854b57c9dfd|url-status=live}}</ref> but a 2008 [[United States Department of Energy]] report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.<ref name="DOE-2008">{{cite report|url=http://www1.eere.energy.gov/analysis/pdfs/epact_sec_110_edst_report_to_congress_2008.pdf|title=Impact of Extended Daylight Saving Time on national energy consumption: report to Congress, Energy Policy Act of 2005, Section 110|author1=David B. Belzer|author2=Stanton W. Hadley|publisher=US Dept. of Energy|author3=Shih-Miao Chin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518104926/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/analysis/pdfs/epact_sec_110_edst_report_to_congress_2008.pdf|year=2008|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2013}}</ref> An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of [[incandescent lighting]], once a primary use of electricity.<ref name="Bartlett">{{cite book|author=Roscoe G. Bartlett|title=Energy Conservation Potential of Extended and Double Daylight Saving Time|date=24 May 2001|series=Serial 107-30|chapter=Statement to the US House, Committee on Science, Subcommittee on Energy|author-link=Roscoe G. Bartlett|chapter-url=http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy73325.000/hsy73325_0.HTM|access-date=11 March 2007|archive-date=25 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825165703/http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy73325.000/hsy73325_0.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>