Editing Dative case (section)

===Ancient===
{{MOS |section |subpage=/Text formatting |date=May 2023 |reason=text formatting when [[MOS:BADEMPHASIS|placing emphasis]]}}
In addition to its main function as the ''dativus'', the dative case has other functions in [[Ancient Greek language|Classical Greek]]:<ref>Morwood, James.  Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek. Oxford University Press, 2002.  ({{ISBN|0-19-521851-5}})</ref> (The chart below uses the Latin names for the types of dative; the Greek name for the dative is δοτική πτῶσις, like its Latin equivalent, derived from the verb "to give"; in Ancient Greek, δίδωμι.)
*Dativus finalis: The ''dativus finalis'', or the 'dative of purpose', is when the dative is used to denote ''the purpose'' of a certain action. For example:
**"{{lang|grc|'''τῷ βασιλεῖ''' μάχομαι}}"
***"I fight '''for the king'''".
**"{{lang|grc|θνῄσκω '''τῇ τιμῇ'''}}"
***"I die '''for honour'''".
*Dativus commŏdi (incommodi): The ''dativus commodi sive incommodi'', or the 'dative of benefit (or harm)' is the dative that expresses the advantage or disadvantage of something ''for someone''.  For example:
**''For the benefit of'': "{{lang|grc|πᾶς ἀνὴρ '''αὑτῷ''' πονεῖ}}" ([[Sophocles]], ''[[Ajax (Sophocles)|Ajax]]'' 1366).
***"Every man toils '''for himself'''".
**''For the harm or disadvantage of'': "{{lang|grc|ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρα '''τοῖς Ἕλλησι''' μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει.}}" ([[Thucydides]] 2.12.4).
***"This day will be the beginning of great sorrows '''for the Greeks''' (i.e., for their disadvantage)".
*Dativus possessivus: The ''dativus possessivus'', or the 'dative of possession' is the dative used to denote ''the possessor'' of a certain object or objects. For example:
**"{{lang|grc|'''ἄλλοις''' μὲν γὰρ χρήματά ἐστι πολλὰ καὶ νῆες καὶ ἵπποι, ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί.}}" (Thucycdides 1.86.3).
***"For '''others have''' a lot of money and ships and horses, but we have good allies (i.e., To others there is a lot of money...)".
*Dativus ethicus: The ''dativus ethicus'', or the 'ethic or polite dative,'  is when the dative is used to signify that the person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by someone. This dative is mostly, if not exclusively, used in pronouns. As such, it is also called the "dative of pronouns." For example:
**"{{lang|grc|τούτῳ πάνυ '''μοι''' προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν.}}" ([[Demosthenes]] 18.178).
***"Pay close attention to this, '''I beg you''' (i.e., please pay..)".
**"{{lang|grc|ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός '''μοι''' ὁ πάππος.}}" ([[Xenophon]], ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' 18.178).
***"Oh, mother, how handsome grandpa is ('''I've just realized!''')".
*Dativus auctoris: The ''dativus auctoris'', or the 'dative of agent,' is the dative used to denote ''the doer'' of an action. Note, however, that in Classical Greek, the agent is usually in the [[genitive case|genitive]] after {{lang|grc|ὑπό}} (by, at the hands of).  The agent is in the dative most often with the [[perfect (grammar)|perfect]] and [[pluperfect]] [[passive voice|passive]], and with the verbal [[adjective]] in {{lang|grc|-τέος}}.  For example:
**"{{lang|grc|πολλαὶ θεραπεῖαι '''τοῖς ἰατροῖς''' εὕρηνται.}}" ([[Isocrates]] 8.39)
***"Many cures have been discovered '''by doctors'''."
*Dativus instrumenti:  The ''dativus instrumenti'', or the 'dative of instrument,' is when the dative is used to denote an instrument or means of a certain action (or, more accurately, as the [[instrumental case]]). For example:
**"{{lang|grc|με κτείνει '''δόλῳ'''}}." ([[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 9.407)
***"He kills me '''with a bait''' (i.e., by means of a bait)."
*Dativus modi: The ''dativus modi'', or the 'dative of manner,' is the dative used to describe ''the manner or way'' by which something happened. For example:
**"{{lang|grc|'''νόσῳ''' ὕστερον ἀποθανόντα.}}" (Thucydides 8.84)
***"having died '''of''' ('''from''') '''a disease'''."
*Dativus mensurae: The ''dativus mensurae'', or the 'dative of measurement,' is the dative used to denote ''the measurement of difference''.  For example:
**"{{lang|grc|'''τῇ κεφαλῇ''' μείζονα.}}" ([[Plato]], ''[[Phaedo]]''  101a)
***"taller '''by a head'''."
**"{{lang|grc|'''μακρῷ''' ἄριστος.}}" (Plato, ''[[Laws (Plato)|Laws]]'' 729d)
***"'''by far''' the best."

The articles in the Greek dative are
{| class="wikitable"
|+Definite article
|-
!
! Masculine
! Neuter
! Feminine
|-
! Singular
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ΤΩΙ (τῷ)
| ΤΗΙ (τῇ)
|-
! Plural
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ΤΟΙΣ (τοῖς)
| ΤΑΙΣ (ταῖς)
|}