Editing Dalmatia (section)

===20th century===
{{See also|Marjane, Marjane|Yugoslav People's Liberation War|SFR Yugoslavia|Governorate of Dalmatia|Operation Coast-91|Istrian-Dalmatian exodus}}
[[File:Promised Borders of the Tready of London.png|thumb|left|Territories promised to Italy by the 
[[London Pact]] (1915), i.e. [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], the [[Julian March]] and [[Dalmatia]] (tan), and the [[Snežnik (plateau)|Snežnik Plateau]] area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].]]

In 1905, a dispute arose in the [[Imperial Council (Austria)|Austrian Imperial Council]] over whether Austria should pay for Dalmatia. It has been argued that in the conclusion of the [[April Laws]] is written "given by Banus Count [[Keglević family|Keglevich]] of [[Bužim]]", which explained the historical affiliation of Dalmatia to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)|Hungary]].<ref>Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Hauses der Abgeordneten des österreichischen Reichsrates, Ausgaben 318-329, [https://books.google.com/books?ei=R2vYT6XNK8vP4QTwtdilAw&hl=de&id=AlAyAQAAMAAJ&dq=Keglevich Seite 29187], Austria, Reichsrat, Abgeordnetenhaus, published 1905.</ref> Two years later Dalmatia elected representatives to the Austrian Imperial Council.

Until 1909, both [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] were recognized as official languages in Dalmatia. After 1909, Italian lost its official status, thus it could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Dalmazia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=III|page=730|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it|quote=Nel 1909 l'uso della lingua italiana viene proibito negli uffici dello Stato.|trans-quote=In 1909 the use of the Italian language was prohibited in the offices of the State}}</ref>

Dalmatia was a strategic region during [[World War I]] that both [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] and [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] intended to seize from [[Austria-Hungary]]. Italy joined the [[Triple Entente]] [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in 1915 upon agreeing to the [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]] that guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached [[Vis (island)|Vis]], [[Lastovo]], Šibenik, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.<ref>Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. ''History of Dalmatia''. Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281.</ref> By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had [[Occupation of the eastern Adriatic|seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia]] that had been guaranteed to Italy by the Treaty of London and by 17 November had seized Rijeka as well creating the first [[Governorate of Dalmatia]].<ref name="Paul O 2005. Pp. 17">Paul O'Brien. ''Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist''. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17.</ref> In 1918, Admiral [[Enrico Millo]] declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia.<ref name="Paul O 2005. Pp. 17"/> Famous [[Italian nationalism|Italian nationalist]] [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to Zadar in an Italian warship in December 1918.<ref>A. Rossi. ''The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918–1922''. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. Pp. 47.</ref> However, in spite of the guarantees of the Treaty of London to Italy of a large portion of Dalmatia and Italian military occupation of claimed territories of Dalmatia, during the peace settlement negotiations of 1919 to 1920, the [[Fourteen Points]] of [[Woodrow Wilson]] that advocated self-determination of nations took precedence, with Italy only being permitted to annex Zadar from Dalmatia, while the rest of Dalmatia was to be part of [[Yugoslavia]].
[[File:Enrico Millo circa 1915 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Enrico Millo]], the first governor of the first Italian [[Governatorate of Dalmatia]] (1918–1920)]]

At the end of World War I, the Austrian Empire disintegrated, and Dalmatia was again split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held small portions of northern Dalmatia around Zadar and the islands of [[Cres]], [[Lošinj]], and Lastovo. Italy entered World War I in a territorial gamble, mostly to gain Dalmatia. But Italy got only a small part of its pretensions, so Dalmatia mostly stayed Yugoslav.

Despite the fact that there were only a few thousand [[Dalmatian Italians|Italian-speakers in Dalmatia]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hehn |first=Paul N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&dq=%22signed+a+treaty+on+November+12,+1920,+at+Rapallo&pg=PA45 |title=A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II |date=2005-09-26 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-1761-9 |language=en}}</ref> after the constant decrease that occurred in previous decades, [[Italian irredentism|Italian irredentists]] continued to lay claim to all of Dalmatia. In 1927 Italy signed an agreement with the Croatian fascist, terrorist [[Ustaše]] organization. The [[Ustaše|Ustaše agreed]] that once they gained power, they will cede to Italy additional territory in Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor, while renouncing all Croatian claims to Istria, Rijeka, Zadar and the Adriatic Islands.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|p=30–31}}
[[File:GovernateOfDalmatia1941 43.png|thumb|right|Map of the second Italian [[Governatorate of Dalmatia]] (1941–1943) showing the [[province of Zara]], the [[province of Spalato]] and the [[province of Cattaro]].]]
[[File:Podgora Kroatien 3.JPG|thumb|The ''Seagull Wings'' monument in [[Podgora, Split-Dalmatia County|Podgora]], dedicated to the fallen sailors of the [[Yugoslav Partisans#Partisan Navy|Yugoslav Partisan Navy]]]]

In 1922, the territory of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia was divided into two provinces, the Oblast of Split and the Oblast of Dubrovnik. In 1929, the [[Littoral Banovina]], a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, was formed. Its capital was Split, and it included most of Dalmatia and parts of present-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. The southern parts of Dalmatia were in [[Zeta Banovina]], from the Bay of Kotor to [[Pelješac]] peninsula including Dubrovnik. In 1939, Littoral Banovina was joined with [[Sava Banovina]] (and with smaller parts of other banovinas) to form a new province named the [[Banovina of Croatia]]. The same year, the ethnic Croatian areas of the Zeta Banovina from the Bay of Kotor to Pelješac, including Dubrovnik, were merged with a new Banovina of Croatia.

During [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]], in 1941, [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]], [[Hungary in World War II|Hungary]], and [[Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgaria]] occupied Yugoslavia, redrawing their borders to include former parts of the Yugoslavian state. A new [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet state]], the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH), was created. With the [[Treaties of rome|Treaties of Rome]], the NDH agreed to cede to Italy Dalmatian territory, creating the second [[Governorate of Dalmatia]], from north of Zadar to south of Split, with inland areas, plus nearly all the Adriatic islands and [[Gorski Kotar]]. Italy then annexed these territories, while all the remainder of southern Croatia, including the entire coast, were placed under Italian occupation. Italy also appointed an Italian, [[Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta]], as king of Croatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|p=238}}

Italy proceeded to Italianize the annexed areas of Dalmatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=132–133}} Place names were Italianized, and Italian was made the official language in all schools, churches and government administration.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=132–133}} All Croatian cultural societies were banned, while Italians took control of all key mineral, industrial and business establishments.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=132–133}} Italian policies prompted resistance by Dalmatians, many joined the Partisans.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=133–134}} This led to further Italian repressive measures - shooting of civilian hostages, burning of villages, confiscation of properties. Italians took many civilians to concentration camps{{sfn|Tomasevich|2002|pp=133–134}} - altogether, some 80,000 Dalmatians, 12% of the population, passed through Italian concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dizdar |first=Zdravko |date=2005-12-15 |title=Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/35407 |journal=Review of Croatian History |language=en |volume=I |issue=1 |page=207 |issn=1845-4380}}</ref>

Many Croats moved from the Italian-occupied area and took refuge in the satellite state of Croatia, which became the battleground for a guerrilla war between the [[Axis powers|Axis]] and the [[Yugoslav Partisans]]. Following the [[Armistice of Cassibile|surrender of Italy]] in 1943, much of Italian-controlled Dalmatia was liberated by the Partisans, then [[Italian Social Republic|taken over by German forces]] in a brutal campaign, who then returned control to the puppet Independent State of Croatia. [[Vis (island)|Vis Island]] remained in Partisan hands, while Zadar, Rijeka, Istria, Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža became part of the German ''[[Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral|Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland]].'' The Partisans took Dalmatia in 1944, and with that Zadar, Rijeka, Istria, Cres, Lošinj, Lastovo and Palagruža became reunited with Croatia. After 1945, most of the remaining [[Dalmatian Italians]] fled the region (350,000 Italians escaped from [[Istria]] and Dalmatia in the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]). After World War II, Dalmatia became part of the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|People's Republic of Croatia]], part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia]].

The territory of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia was divided between two [[federal republic]]s of Yugoslavia and most of the territory went to Croatia, leaving only the Bay of Kotor to [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Montenegro]]. When [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia dissolved]] in 1991, those borders were retained and remain in force. During the [[Croatian War of Independence]], most of Dalmatia was a battleground between the [[Government of Croatia]] and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA), which aided the [[proto-state]] of [[Republic of Serbian Krajina|Serbian Krajina]], with much of the [[SAO Krajina|northern part of the region around Knin]] and the far south around, but not including, [[Dubrovnik Republic (1991)|Dubrovnik being placed under the control of Serb forces]]. Croatia did regain the southern territories in 1992 but did not regain the north until [[Operation Storm]] in 1995. After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated [[Areas of Special State Concern]].