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== Sources == {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Amours |editor-first=F. J. |year=1906 |title=The Original Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun |url=https://archive.org/details/originalchronic02amougoog |volume=4 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |location=Edinburgh |via=[[Internet Archive]] |ref=A3}} * {{cite book |year=1922 |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=A. O. |editor1-link=Alan Orr Anderson |title=Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500–1286 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313 |volume=1 |publisher=Oliver and Boyd |location=London |via=Internet Archive |ref=A1}} * {{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=A. O. |year=1930 |title=The Prophecy of Berchan |journal=[[Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie]] |volume=18 |pages=1–56 |eissn=1865-889X |issn=0084-5302 |doi=10.1515/zcph.1930.18.1.1 |s2cid=162902103 |via=[[De Gruyter Online]] |ref=A4}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100002/index.html |title=Annals of Tigernach |year=2005 |website=[[Corpus of Electronic Texts]] |edition=13 April 2005 |publisher=[[University College Cork]] |access-date=19 June 2016 |ref=A2}} * {{cite web |year=n.d. |url=http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&manuscript=msrawlb488 |title=Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 |website=Early Manuscripts at Oxford University |publisher=[[Oxford Digital Library]] |access-date=21 June 2016 |ref=B15}} * {{cite web |year=n.d. |url=http://image.ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&manuscript=msrawlb489 |title=Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 |website=Early Manuscripts at Oxford University |publisher=Oxford Digital Library |access-date=21 June 2016 |ref=B14}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G800011F/index.html |title=Book of Leinster, Formerly Lebar na Núachongbála |year=2015 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=8 May 2015 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=19 June 2016 |ref=B9}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/index.html |title=Chronicon Scotorum |year=2010 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=24 March 2010 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=15 June 2016 |ref=C1}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100016/index.html |title=Chronicon Scotorum |year=2012 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=14 May 2012 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=15 June 2016 |ref=C2}} * {{cite web |year=n.d. |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Cotton_MS_Faustina_B_IX |title=Cotton MS Faustina B IX |website=[[British Library]] |access-date=24 June 2016 |ref=C8 |archive-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511115553/http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Cotton_MS_Faustina_B_IX |url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=B. T. |author-link=Benjamin Hudson |year=1996 |title=The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages |journal=Contributions to the Study of World History |series=Contributions to the Study of World History (series vol. 54) |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-29567-6 |issn=0885-9159 |ref=H5}} * {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=B. T. |year=1998b |title=The Scottish Chronicle |journal=[[Scottish Historical Review]] |volume=77 |issue=2 |doi=10.3366/shr.1998.77.2.129 |issn=0036-9241 |eissn=1750-0222 |pages=129–161 |jstor=25530832 |ref=H4}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=K. |editor-link=Kenneth H. Jackson |year=2008 |orig-year=1972 |title=The Osborn Bergin Memorial Lecture, 1970: The Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-08264-8 |ref=J1}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Laing |editor-first=D. |editor-link=David Laing (antiquary) |year=1872 |title=Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/orygynalecronyki02andruoft |volume=2 |series=The Historians of Scotland (series vol. 3) |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |location=Edinburgh |via=Internet Archive |ref=L2}} * {{cite book |year=n.d. |title=Lat. 4126 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b9065949v |via=[[Gallica]] |ref=L3}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100002A/index.html |title=The Annals of Tigernach |year=2010 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=2 November 2010 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=19 June 2016 |ref=T3}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A/index.html |title=The Annals of Ulster |year=2008 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=29 August 2008 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=14 June 2016 |ref=T1}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100001A/index.html |title=The Annals of Ulster |year=2012 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=15 August 2012 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=14 June 2016 |ref=T2}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Skene |editor-first=W.F. |editor-link=William Forbes Skene |year=1867 |title=Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofpict00sken |publisher=H.M. General Register House |location=Edinburgh |via=Internet Archive |ref=S3}} * {{cite book |year=1871 |editor-last=Skene |editor-first=W. F. |title=Johannis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum |url=https://archive.org/details/johannisdefordun01ford |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |location=Edinburgh |via=Internet Archive |ref=S1}} * {{cite book |year=1872 |editor-last=Skene |editor-first=W. F. |title=John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/johannisdefordun02ford |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edmonston and Douglas |via=Internet Archive |ref=S2}} * {{cite book |year=1835 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J. |editor-link=Joseph Stevenson |title=Chronica de Mailros |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicdemailros00melruoft |publisher=[[The Bannatyne Club]] |location=Edinburgh |via=Internet Archive |ref=S4}} * {{cite book |last1=Bannerman |first1=J. |author-link=John Bannerman (historian) |year=1998 |orig-year=1993 |chapter=MacDuff of Fife |editor1-last=Grant |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Stringer |editor2-first=K. J. |title=Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] |location=Edinburgh |pages=20–38 |isbn=978-0-7486-1110-2 |ref=B8}} * {{cite book |last=Barrow |first=G. W. S. |author-link=G. W. S. Barrow |year=1973 |title=The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society From the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York |ref=B17}} * {{cite journal |last=Broun |first=D. |author-link=Dauvit Broun |year=1999 |title=The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries |journal=Studies in Celtic History |series=Studies in Celtic History (series vol. 18) |issn=0261-9865 |isbn=0-85115-375-5 |publisher=[[The Boydell Press]] |location=Woodbridge |ref=B2}} * {{cite book |last=Broun |first=D. |chapter=Kingship: 2. 900–1100 |year=2001 |editor-last=Lynch |editor-first=M. |editor-link=Michael Lynch (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to Scottish History |series=[[Oxford Companions]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |pages=360–361 |isbn=978-0-19-211696-3 |ref=B10}} * {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6115 |title=Constantine II [Causantín mac Aeda] (''d''. 952) |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2004a |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6115 |access-date=13 June 2016 |ref=B3}} * {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6870 |title=Culen [Cuilén mac Illuilb, Cuilén Hringr] (''d''. 971) |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2004b |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6870 |access-date=13 June 2016 |ref=B4}} * {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8166 |title=Dubh [Duff] [Dub mac Mael Coluim] (''d''. 966) |volume=1 |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2004c |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8166 |access-date=13 June 2016 |ref=B6}} * {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14379 |title=Indulf [Illulb mac Causantín] (''bap''. 927?, ''d''. 962) |volume=1 |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2004d |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14379 |access-date=13 June 2016 |ref=B5}} * {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15399 |title=Kenneth II [Cináed mac Maíl Choluim] (''d''. 995) |volume=1 |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2004e |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15399 |access-date=3 December 2015 |ref=B7}} * {{cite journal |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2004f |title=The Welsh Identity of the Kingdom of Strathclyde c. 900–1200 |journal=[[The Innes Review]] |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=111–180 |doi=10.3366/inr.2004.55.2.111 |issn=0020-157X |eissn=1745-5219 |ref=B11}} * {{cite book |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2005 |chapter=Contemporary Perspectives on Alexander II's Succession: The Evidence of King-lists |editor-last=Oram |editor-first=R.D. |editor-link=Richard Oram |title=The Reign of Alexander II, 1214–49 |url=https://archive.org/details/reignalexanderii00oram_712 |url-access=limited |series=The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economics and Cultures (series vol. 16) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden |pages=[https://archive.org/details/reignalexanderii00oram_712/page/n93 79]–98 |isbn=90-04-14206-1 |issn=1569-1462 |ref=B20}} * {{cite book |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2007 |title=Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain: From the Picts to Alexander III |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-2360-0 |ref=B19}} * {{cite journal |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2015a |title=Britain and the Beginning of Scotland |journal=Journal of the British Academy |volume=3 |pages=107–137 |doi=10.5871/jba/003.107 |ref=B18 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/104300/7/104300.pdf |doi-access=free}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Broun |first=D. |entry=Constantine III (d. 997) |year=2015b |orig-year=1997 |entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-1102 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=J. |editor2-link=John Cannon (historian) |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-967783-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url-access=subscription |ref=B4XXX}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Broun |first=D. |entry=Cuilén (d. 971) |year=2015c |orig-year=1997 |entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-1205 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-967783-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url-access=subscription |ref=B1XXX}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Broun |first=D. |entry=Dub (d. 966) |year=2015d |orig-year=1997 |entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-1398 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-967783-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Oxford Reference |entry-url-access=subscription |ref=B3XXX}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Broun |first=D. |entry=Indulf (d. 962) |year=2015e |orig-year=1997 |entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-2262 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-967783-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Oxford Reference |entry-url-access=subscription |ref=B2XXX}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Broun |first=D. |entry=Kenneth II (d. 995) |year=2015f |orig-year=1997 |entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-2406 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-967783-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Oxford Reference |entry-url-access=subscription |ref=B6XXX}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Broun |first=D. |entry=Kenneth III (d. 1005) |year=2015g |orig-year=1997 |entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677832.001.0001/acref-9780199677832-e-2407 |editor1-last=Crowcroft |editor1-first=R |editor2-last=Cannon |editor2-first=J. |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-967783-2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |via=Oxford Reference |entry-url-access=subscription |ref=B5XXX}} * {{cite journal |last=Broun |first=D. |year=2015h |title=Statehood and Lordship in 'Scotland' Before the Mid-Twelfth Century |journal=The Innes Review |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=1–71 |doi=10.3366/inr.2015.0084 |issn=0020-157X |eissn=1745-5219 |ref=B16 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/104357/1/104357.pdf}} * {{cite book |last=Busse |first=P. E. |year=2006a |chapter=Cinaed mac Mael Choluim |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=J.T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=2 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=439 |isbn=978-1-85109-445-5 |ref=B13}} * {{cite book |last=Busse |first=P. E. |year=2006b |chapter=Cuilén Ring mac Illuilb |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=J.T. |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=2 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=509 |isbn=978-1-85109-445-5 |ref=B1}} * {{cite book |last=Busse |first=P. E. |year=2006c |chapter=Dyfnwal ab Owain/Domnall mac Eogain |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=J.T. |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=2 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=639 |isbn=978-1-85109-445-5 |ref=B12}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Charles-Edwards |editor-first=T. |editor-link=Thomas Charles-Edwards |year=2006 |title=The Chronicle of Ireland |series=Translated Texts for Historians (series vol. 44) |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |location=Liverpool |isbn=978-0-85323-959-8 |ref=C6}} * {{cite journal |last=Charles-Edwards |first=T. M. |year=2008 |title=Picts and Scots |journal=The Innes Review |volume=59 |issue=2 |doi=10.3366/E0020157X08000279 |pages=168–188 |s2cid=161703435 |issn=0020-157X |eissn=1745-5219 |ref=C9}} * {{cite book |last=Charles-Edwards |first=T. M. |year=2013 |title=Wales and the Britons, 350–1064 |series=The History of Wales (series vol. 1) |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-821731-2 |ref=CXX1}} * {{cite book |last=Clancy |first=T. O. |author-link=Thomas Owen Clancy |year=2006a |chapter=Cusantín mac Aeda (Constantine II) |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=J. T. |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=2 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=522–523 |isbn=978-1-85109-445-5 |ref=C4}} * {{cite book |last=Clancy |first=T. O. |year=2006b |chapter=Cusantín mac Cuilén (Constantine III) |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=J.T. |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=2 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=523–524 |isbn=978-1-85109-445-5 |ref=C5}} * {{cite book |last=Clarkson |first=T. |year=2010 |title=The Men of the North: The Britons and Southern Scotland |publisher=[[John Donald (publisher)|John Donald]] |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-907909-02-3 |type=EPUB |ref=C3}} * {{cite book |last=Clarkson |first=T. |year=2012 |orig-year=2011 |title=The Makers of Scotland: Picts, Romans, Gaels and Vikings |publisher=[[Birlinn Limited]] |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-907909-01-6 |type=EPUB |ref=C7}} * {{cite book |last=Clarkson |first=T. |year=2014 |title=Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age |publisher=John Donald |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-907909-25-2 |type=EPUB |ref=C11}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/4/collection/403295/culenus-king-of-scotland-978-82 |year=n.d. |title=Culenus, King of Scotland (978–82) |website=[[Royal Collection Trust]] |access-date=13 July 2017 |ref=C10}} * {{cite thesis |last=Davidson |first=M. R. |year=2002 |title=Submission and Imperium in the Early Medieval Insular World |degree=PhD |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |ref=D5 |hdl=1842/23321}} * {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C. |year=2007 |title=Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 |publisher=[[Dunedin Academic Press]] |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-903765-89-0 |ref=DZZ1}} * {{cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=S. T. |year=1998 |title=Church Archaeology in Glasgow and the Kingdom of Strathclyde |journal=The Innes Review |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=95–114 |doi=10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.95 |issn=0020-157X |eissn=1745-5219 |ref=D1 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3158/1/church_archaeology_in_glasgow.pdf}} * {{cite book |last=Dumville |first=D. |author-link=David Dumville |year=2000 |chapter=The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=S. |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of Her Ninetieth Birthday |publisher=[[Four Courts Press]] |location=Dublin |isbn=978-1-85182-516-5 |pages=73–86 |ref=D3}} * {{cite book |last=Duncan |first=A. A. M. |author-link=Archie Duncan (historian) |year=1984 |chapter=The Kingdom of the Scots |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=LM |title=The Making of Britain: The Dark Ages |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke |isbn=978-1-349-17650-2 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-17650-2 |pages=131–144 |ref=D4}} * {{cite book |last=Duncan |first=A. A. M. |year=2002 |title=The Kingship of the Scots, 842–1292: Succession and Independence |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-1626-8 |ref=D2}} * {{cite book |last=Foster |first=S. M. |year=2004 |title=Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland |publisher=BT Batsford |location=London |isbn=0-7134-8874-3 |ref=F1}} * {{cite thesis |last=Hicks |first=D. A. |year=2003 |title=Language, History and Onomastics in Medieval Cumbria: An Analysis of the Generative Usage of the Cumbric Habitative Generics cair and tref |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Edinburgh |ref=H6 |hdl=1842/7401}} * {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=B. T. |year=2014 |title=The Picts |series=The Peoples of Europe |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Chichester |isbn=978-1-4051-8678-0 |ref=H3}} * {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=B. T. |year=1994 |title=Kings of Celtic Scotland |journal=Contributions to the Study of World History |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-29087-9 |issn=0885-9159 |ref=H2}} * {{cite journal |last=Hudson |first=B. T. |year=1998a |title=The Language of the Scottish Chronicle and its European Context |journal=Scottish Gaelic Studies |volume=18 |pages=57–73 |via=Google Books |ref=H1}} * {{cite book |last=Koch |first=J. T. |year=2006 |chapter=Dub mac Mael Choluim |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=J. 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