Editing Cossacks (section)

====Conflict with Poland====

Cossack numbers increased when the warriors were joined by [[peasantry|peasants]] escaping [[serf]]dom in Russia and dependence in the Commonwealth. Attempts by the ''[[szlachta]]'' to turn the Zaporozhian Cossacks into peasants eroded the formerly strong Cossack loyalty towards the Commonwealth. The government constantly rebuffed Cossack ambitions for recognition as equal to the ''szlachta''. Plans for transforming the Polish–Lithuanian two-nation Commonwealth into a [[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]] made little progress, due to the unpopularity among the Ruthenian ''szlachta'' of the idea of Ruthenian Cossacks being equal to them and their elite becoming members of the ''szlachta''. The Cossacks' strong historic allegiance to the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] also put them at odds with officials of the [[Roman Catholic]]-dominated Commonwealth. Tensions increased when Commonwealth policies turned from relative tolerance to suppression of the Eastern Orthodox Church after the [[Union of Brest]]. The Cossacks became strongly anti-Roman Catholic, an attitude that became synonymous with anti-Polish.<ref name="Plokhy2001">{{cite book |author=Serhii Plokhy |author-link=Serhii Plokhii |title=The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzzxNisc1MC&pg=PR4 |access-date=1 August 2015 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-924739-4 |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624122655/https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzzxNisc1MC&pg=PR4 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wilson2002">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Andrew |title=The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C&pg=PA62 |access-date=1 August 2015 |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09309-4 |pages=62, 143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527050350/https://books.google.com/books?id=4f324_LVBL4C&pg=PA62 |archive-date=27 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the Ottoman-Polish and Polish-Muscovite warfare ceased, the official Cossack register was again reduced. The registered Cossacks (''reiestrovi kozaky'') were isolated from those who were excluded from the register, and from the Zaporizhian Host. This, together with intensified socioeconomic and national-religious oppression of the other classes in Ukrainian society, led to many Cossack uprisings in the 1630s. The nobility, which had obtained legal ownership of vast expanses of land on the Dnipro from the Polish kings, attempted to impose feudal dependency on the local population. Landowners utilized the locals in war, by raising the Cossack registry in times of hostility, and then radically decreasing it and forcing the Cossacks back into serfdom in times of peace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|title=Ukraine {{!}} History, Geography, People, & Language|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-11|archive-date=2020-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124023022/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine|url-status=live}}</ref> This institutionalized method of control bred discontent among the Cossacks. By the end of the 16th century, they began to revolt, in the uprisings of [[Kosiński uprising|Kryshtof Kosynsky]] (1591–1593), [[Nalyvaiko Uprising|Severyn Nalyvaiko]] (1594–1596), [[Hryhory Loboda|Hryhorii Loboda]] (1596), [[Marko Zhmaylo|Marko Zhmailo]] (1625), [[Taras Fedorovych]] (1630), [[Ivan Sulyma]] (1635), [[Pavlyuk uprising|Pavlo Pavliuk]] and Dmytro Hunia (1637), and [[Ostryanyn uprising|Yakiv Ostrianyn]] and Karpo Skydan (1638). All were brutally suppressed and ended by the Polish government. [[Cossack rebellions]] eventually culminated in the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]], led by the hetman of the Zaporizhian Sich, [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm|title=Cossacks|website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com|access-date=2020-02-17|archive-date=2015-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720181731/http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>