Editing Cornwall (section)

===Heraldry===
{{main|Cornish heraldry|Cornish corporate heraldry}}

In later times, Cornwall was known to the [[Anglo-Saxons]] as "West Wales" to distinguish it from "North Wales" (the modern nation of [[Wales]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Deacon |first=Bernard |title=A Concise History of Cornwall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOUWAQAAIAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-0-7083-2032-7 |page=4 |access-date=16 October 2015 |archive-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220816/https://books.google.com/books?id=oOUWAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The name appears in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' in 891 as ''On Corn walum''. In the [[Domesday Book]] it was referred to as ''Cornualia'' and in c. 1198 as ''Cornwal''.<ref name=VW>{{cite book
|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-names
|last=Watts |first=Victor
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|edition=1st paperback |year=2010
|page=158
|isbn=978-0-521-16855-7}}</ref>{{efn|"[[Wales]]" is derived from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] word ''[[Walhaz]]'', meaning "Romanised foreigner"; through [[Old English]] ''welisċ'', ''wælisċ'', ''wilisċ'', meaning "[[Romano-British culture|Romano-British]]"; to [[Modern English]] ''Welsh''. The same etymology applies to Cornwall and to [[Wallonia]] in Belgium.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davies |first=John |author-link=John Davies (historian) |title=A History of Wales |publisher=Penguin |year=1994 |location=London |page=69 |isbn=978-0-14-028475-1}}</ref>}} Other names for the county include a [[latinisation of names|latinisation]] of the name as ''Cornubia'' (first appears in a mid-9th-century deed purporting to be a copy of one dating from c. 705), and as ''Cornugallia'' in 1086.
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==Christianity in Cornwall==
{{Main article|Christianity in Cornwall}}
{{See also|List of Cornish saints}}

Many place names in Cornwall are associated with Christian missionaries described as coming from Ireland and Wales in the 5th century AD and usually called saints (''See'' [[List of Cornish saints]]). The historicity of some of these missionaries is problematic.<ref>[[Nicholas Orme|Orme, Nicholas]] (2000) ''The Saints of Cornwall''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lelant.info/uny.htm |title=uny |publisher=Lelant.info |date=5 January 2008 |access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> The patron saint of [[Wendron]] Parish Church, "Saint Wendrona" is another example. and it has been pointed out by [[Gilbert Hunter Doble|Canon Doble]] that it was customary in the Middle Ages to ascribe such geographical origins to saints.<ref>[[Gilbert Hunter Doble|Doble, G. H.]] (1960) ''The Saints of Cornwall''. 5 vols. Truro: Dean and Chapter, 1960–70</ref> Some of these saints are not included in the early lists of saints.<ref>See for example absences from Olsen and Padel's "A tenth century list of Cornish parochial saints" in ''Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies''; 12 (1986); and from ''[[Nova Legenda Angliae]]'' by [[John Capgrave]] (mid-15th century)</ref>

In modern times[[Saint Piran]], after whom [[Perranporth]] is named, is regarded as the patron saint of Cornwall.<ref>{{cite web |title = St. Piran – Sen Piran |publisher = St-Piran.com |url = http://www.st-piran.com/st-piran.htm |access-date = 11 May 2007 }}</ref> However, in early Norman times it is likely that [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael the Archangel]] was recognised as the patron saint<ref>Henderson, Charles (1935) "Cornwall and her patron saint", In: his ''Essays in Cornish History''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 197–201</ref> and is still recognised by the Anglican Church as the ''Protector of Cornwall''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wyatt |first=Tim |title=Cornish welcome new status |url = http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/2-may/news/uk/cornish-welcome-new-status |access-date = 8 May 2014 |newspaper=Church Times |date=2 May 2014}}</ref> The title has also been claimed for [[Saint Petroc]] who was patron of the [[Diocese of Cornwall|Cornish diocese]] prior to the Normans.{{efn|The cult of St Petroc was the most important in the [[Diocese of Cornwall]] since he was the founder of the monastery of Bodmin the most important in the diocese and, with St Germans, the seat of the bishops. He was the patron of the diocese and of Bodmin.<ref>Caroline Brett, "Petroc (fl. 6th cent.)", [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]], [[Oxford University Press]], 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/21757 accessed 16 December 2008]</ref>}}

===Celtic and Anglo-Saxon times===
[[File:St Germans Church 1.jpg|thumb|St German's Priory Church (Norman)]]
[[File:Dupath well cornwall.jpg|thumb|Dupath Well, one of Cornwall's many holy wells dating from c.1510]]
[[File:St Petroc's Church, Bodmin - geograph.org.uk - 51028.jpg|The Church of St Petroc at Bodmin (late 15th century)|thumb]]

The church in Cornwall until the time of Athelstan of Wessex observed more or less orthodox practices, being completely separate from the Anglo-Saxon church until then (and perhaps later). The See of Cornwall continued until much later: Bishop [[Conan of Cornwall|Conan]] was apparently in place previously, but he was re-consecrated in AD 931 by [[Athelstan]]. However, it is unclear whether he was the sole Bishop for Cornwall or the leading Bishop in the area. The situation in Cornwall may have been somewhat similar to Wales where each major religious house corresponded to a [[cantref]] (this has the same meaning as Cornish [[Constitutional status of Cornwall#Cornish "shires"|keverang]]) both being under the supervision of a Bishop.<ref>Charles-Edwards, T. (1970) "The Seven Bishop Houses of Dyfed", In: ''Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies'', vol. 24, (1970–1972), pp. 247–252.</ref> However, if this was so the status of keverangow before the time of King Athelstan is not recorded. However, it can be inferred from the districts included at this period that the minimum number would be three: Triggshire; Wivelshire; and the remaining area. Penwith, Kerrier, Pydar and Powder meet at a central point ([[Scorrier]]) which some have believed indicates a fourfold division imposed by Athelstan on a sub-kingdom.

===Middle Ages===
The whole of Cornwall was in this period in the [[List of Archdeacons of Cornwall|Archdeaconry of Cornwall]] within the Diocese of Exeter. From 1267 the archdeacons had a house at [[Glasney College|Glasney]] near Penryn. Their duties were to visit and inspect each parish annually and to execute the bishop's orders.<ref name="Orme, Nicholas 2007 p. 29">Orme, Nicholas (2007) ''Cornwall and the Cross''. Chichester: Phillimore; p. 29</ref> Archdeacon Roland is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as having land holdings in Cornwall but he was not Archdeacon of Cornwall, just an archdeacon in the Diocese of Exeter.<ref>Thorn, Caroline, et al., eds. (1979) ''Cornwall''. Chichester: Phillimore</ref> In the episcopate of William Warelwast (1107–37) the first Archdeacon of Cornwall was appointed<ref name="Orme, Nicholas 2007 p. 29"/> (possibly Hugo de Auco). Most of the parish churches in Cornwall in Norman times were not in the larger settlements, and the medieval towns which developed thereafter usually had only a chapel of ease with the right of burial remaining at the ancient parish church.<ref>''Cornish Church Guide'' (1925) Truro: Blackford</ref> Over a hundred [[holy well]]s exist in Cornwall, each associated with a particular saint, though not always the same one as the dedication of the church.<ref>[[Henry Jenner|Jenner, Henry]] (1925) "The Holy Wells of Cornwall". In: ''Cornish Church Guide''. Truro: Blackford; pp. 249–257</ref><ref>[[Mabel Quiller-Couch|Quiller-Couch, M. & L.]] (1894) ''Ancient and Holy Wells of Cornwall''. London: Chas. J. Clark</ref>

Various kinds of religious houses existed in mediaeval Cornwall though none of them were nunneries; the benefices of the parishes were in many cases appropriated to religious houses within Cornwall or elsewhere in England or France.<ref>[[George Oliver (historian)|Oliver, George]] (1846) ''Monasticon Dioecesis Exoniensis: being a collection of records and instruments illustrating the ancient conventual, collegiate, and eleemosynary foundations, in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, with historical notices, and a supplement, comprising a list of the dedications of churches in the Diocese, an amended edition of the taxation of Pope Nicholas, and an abstract of the Chantry Rolls'' [with supplement and index]. Exeter: P. A. Hannaford, 1846, 1854, 1889</ref>

===From the Reformation to the Victorian period===
In the 16th century there was some violent resistance to the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism in the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]].<ref>Orme, Nicholas (2007) ''Cornwall and the Cross''. Chichester: Phillimore; p. 147</ref> In 1548 the college at [[Glasney College|Glasney]], a centre of learning and study established by the Bishop of Exeter, had been closed and looted (many manuscripts and documents were destroyed) which aroused resentment among the Cornish. They, among other things, objected to the English language [[Book of Common Prayer]], protesting that the English language was still unknown to many at the time. The Prayer Book Rebellion was a cultural and social disaster for Cornwall; the reprisals taken by the forces of the Crown have been estimated to account for 10–11% of the civilian population of Cornwall. Culturally speaking, it saw the beginning of the slow decline of the [[Cornish language]].

From that time Christianity in Cornwall was in the main within the Church of England and subject to the national events which affected it in the next century and a half. Roman Catholicism never became extinct, though openly practised by very few; there were some converts to Puritanism, Anabaptism and Quakerism in certain areas though they suffered intermittent persecution which more or less came to an end in the reign of William and Mary. During the 18th century Cornish Anglicanism was very much in the same state as Anglicanism in most of England. Wesleyan Methodist missions began during [[John Wesley]]'s lifetime and had great success over a long period during which Methodism itself divided into a number of sects and established a definite separation from the Church of England.

[[File:Poughill Methodist Church - geograph.org.uk - 207036.jpg|thumb|Poughill Methodist Church]]

From the early 19th to the mid-20th century [[Methodism]] was the leading form of Christianity in Cornwall but it is now in decline.<ref>{{cite web |title =Methodism |publisher = Cornish-Mining.org.uk |url = http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/story/religion.htm |access-date = 11 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>Shaw, Thomas (1967) ''A History of Cornish Methodism''. Truro: Bradford Barton</ref> The Church of England was in the majority from the reign of Queen Elizabeth until the Methodist revival of the 19th century: before the Wesleyan missions dissenters were very few in Cornwall. The county remained within the [[Diocese of Exeter]] until 1876 when the Anglican [[Diocese of Truro]] was created<ref>{{cite web |title = Truro Cathedral website – History page |publisher = TruroCathedral.org.uk |url = http://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/cathedral-story/story1.html |access-date = 11 May 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701160507/http://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/cathedral-story/story1.html |archive-date = 1 July 2007 |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>Brown, H. Miles (1976) ''A Century for Cornwall''. Truro: Blackford</ref> (the first Bishop was appointed in 1877). Roman Catholicism was virtually extinct in Cornwall after the 17th century except for a few families such as the Arundells of [[Lanherne]]. From the mid-19th century the church reestablished episcopal sees in England, one of these being at [[Diocese of Plymouth|Plymouth]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/ |title = Diocese of Plymouth |access-date = 13 April 2009}}</ref> Since then immigration to Cornwall has brought more Roman Catholics into the population.
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