Editing Copper IUD (section)

== Device description ==
[[File:Multiload-Gynefix-Paragard.jpg|thumb|right|A variety of IUDs]]
There are various of models of copper IUDs available around the world. Most copper devices consist of a plastic ([[polyethylene]]) core that is wrapped in a copper wire.<ref name="Kulier2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kulier R, O'Brien PA, Helmerhorst FM, Usher-Patel M, D'Arcangues C | title = Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD005347 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17943851 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005347.PUB3 }}</ref> Many of the devices have a T-shape similar to the [[IUD with progestogen|hormonal IUD]]. However, there are "frameless" copper IUDs available as well, the most popular of which is marketed as GyneFix. Early copper IUDs had copper around only the vertical stem, but more recent models have copper sleeves wrapped around the horizontal arms as well, increasing copper surface area and thereby effectiveness.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Coils |url=https://muvs.org/en/contraception/spirals/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Museum of Contraception and Abortion}}</ref><ref name="Sivin1979">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sivin I, Stern J | title = Long-acting, more effective copper T IUDs: a summary of U.S. experience, 1970-75 | journal = Studies in Family Planning | volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 263–281 | date = October 1979 | pmid = 516121 | doi = 10.2307/1965507 | jstor = 1965507 }}</ref>

=== Insertion ===
A copper IUD can be inserted at any phase of the [[menstrual cycle]], as long as pregnancy can be reliably excluded. It may be inserted in the immediate [[postpartum period]] (shortly after delivery of the [[placenta]]), and after an induced [[Medical abortion|medical]], [[Abortion|surgical]], or [[Miscarriage|spontaneous abortion]] provided a genital tract infection can be reliably excluded.<ref name="Averbach et al 2020"/><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt-Hansen M, Hawkins JE, Lord J, Williams K, Lohr PA, Hasler E, Cameron S | title = Long-acting reversible contraception immediately after medical abortion: systematic review with meta-analyses | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–160 | date = February 2020 | pmid = 32096862 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmz040 }}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okusanya BO, Oduwole O, Effa EE | title = Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2014 | issue = 7 | pages = CD001777 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 25101364 | pmc = 7079711 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001777.pub4 | collaboration = Cochrane Fertility Regulation Group }}</ref> NSAIDs taken prior to the procedure and use of local anesthesia are recommended to reduce pain at the time of insertion.<ref name="Treiman 1995" /><ref name="CJRM2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hutten-Czapski P, Goertzen J | title = The occasional intrauterine contraceptive device insertion | journal = Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–35 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18208650 | url = http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/HTML/N0/l2/cjrm/vol-13/issue-1/pdf/pg31.pdf | url-status = dead | access-date = January 22, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160814080115/https://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/HTML/N0/l2/cjrm/vol-13/issue-1/pdf/pg31.pdf | archive-date = August 14, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Moh2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB | title = Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review | journal = Contraception | volume = 73 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–153 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16413845 | doi = 10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.007 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1258853 | access-date = September 30, 2020 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200206031628/https://zenodo.org/record/1258853 | archive-date = February 6, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Types ===
Many different types of copper IUDs are currently manufactured worldwide, but availability varies by country.

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! IUD !! Type 
!Width
(mm)
!Length (mm)
! Copper (mm<sup>2</sup>) !! Life (years) !! Manufacturer !! Distinguishing characteristics
|-
| Gyneplus Cu 380 || T-shaped 
| 
| || 380 || 5 || Dispo.Cont. ||
|-
| Multiload Cu375 (MLCu375) || U-shaped 
|20.5<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data |url=https://www.broadwaymed.co.nz/media/11597/Multiloadiud.pdf |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=www.broadwaymed.co.nz |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117060839/https://www.broadwaymed.co.nz/media/11597/Multiloadiud.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|35|| 375 || 5 || Multilan ||
|-
| Multiload Cu250 (MLCu250) || U-shaped 
| 
| || 250 || 3 || Multilan ||
|-
| Multi-Safe 375 || U-shaped 
|19.5<ref name=":1" />
|32.5|| 375 || 5 || Mona Lisa N.V. ||
|-
| Multi-Safe 375 Short Loop || U-shaped 
| 19,5
| 29,4|| 375 || 5 || Mona Lisa N.V. ||
|-
| Load 375 || U-shaped 
|19.5<ref name=":1" />
|32.5|| 375 || 5 || 7-MED Industrie||
|-
| Nova-T 380 || T-shaped (plain) 
|32<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova-T 380 IUD (Intrauterine Device) |url=https://www.mistrymedical.com/item/2675/nova-t-380-iud--intra-uterine-device- |access-date=March 30, 2020 |website=www.mistrymedical.com |archive-date=March 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330001648/https://www.mistrymedical.com/item/2675/nova-t-380-iud--intra-uterine-device- |url-status=live }}</ref>
|32|| 380 || 5 || Bayer ||
|-
| Neo-Safe T 380 || T-shaped (plain) 
|32<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guidance |url=https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/approved/guidance/IUD%20IUS%20device%20characteristics.pdf |access-date=July 10, 2020 |website=www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110030247/https://www.nhstaysideadtc.scot.nhs.uk/approved/guidance/IUD%20IUS%20device%20characteristics.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|32|| 380 || 5 || Mona Lisa N.V. ||
|-
|Neo-Safe T 380 Mini
|T-shaped (plain)
|24<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neo-Safe T CU 380 Mini IUD |url=https://www.midmeds.co.uk/neo-safe-t-cu-380-mini-iud.html |access-date=March 30, 2020 |website=MidMeds Ltd |archive-date=March 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330001646/https://www.midmeds.co.uk/neo-safe-t-cu-380-mini-iud.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|30
|380
|5
|Mona Lisa N.V.
|
|-
| UT 380 || T-shaped (plain)
|32<ref name=":1" />
|32|| 380 || 5 || Laboratoire CCD ||
|-
| UT 380 Short || T-shaped (plain)
|32<ref name=":1" />
|28.4|| 380 || 5 || Laboratoire CCD ||
|-
| Flexi-T 300 || T-shaped (plain)
|23<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Product information |url=https://www.prosan.nl/product-information/ |access-date=March 29, 2020 |website=Prosan |language=nl |archive-date=March 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330001648/https://www.prosan.nl/product-information/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|29|| 300 || 5 || Prosan ||
|-
| Flexi-T + 300 || T-shaped (plain)
|28<ref name=":0" />
|32|| 300 || 5 || Prosan || Wider arms than Flexi-T 300
|-
| T-safe CU 380A || T-shaped (banded)
|31.8<ref name=":1" />
|35.8|| 380 || 10 || Mona Lisa N.V. ||
|-
|T-safe CU 380A QL
|T-shaped (banded)
|31.8<ref name=":1" />
|35.8
|380
|10
|Mona Lisa N.V.
|
|-
| Flexi-T + 380 || T-shaped (banded)
|28<ref name=":0" />
|32|| 380 || 5 || Prosan ||
|-
| TT 380 Slimline || T-shaped (banded)
|31.8<ref name=":1" />
|35.8|| 380 || 10 || 7-MED Industrie ||
|-
| TT 380 Mini || T-shaped (banded)
|23.2<ref name=":1" />
|29.5|| 380 || 5 || 7-MED Industrie ||
|-
|Paragard|| T-shaped (banded)
|32<ref>{{Cite web |title=How big is Paragard? |url=https://www.paragard.com/faq/how-big-is-paragard/ |access-date=March 29, 2020 |website=Paragard IUD |archive-date=March 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330001653/https://www.paragard.com/faq/how-big-is-paragard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|36|| 380 || 10 || Duramed || Only copper IUD approved by the US FDA{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
| Gynefix 330 || Frameless
|2.2<ref name=":1" />
|30|| 330 || 5 || Contrel || Only frameless IUD brand available{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
| Gynefix 200 || Frameless
| 
| || 200 || 5 || Contrel || Only frameless IUD brand available{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
|-
| IUB SCu300A/B || Spherical (3D)
| 
| || 300 || 5 || OCON || Nitinol alloy cored frame. Brand name is Ballerine.
|-
| SMB TCu 380A || T-shaped (banded)
| 32<ref>{{Cite web |title=SMB T 380A, Copper T IUD, SMB T 380A IUD, Copper T IUD Device |url=https://www.smbcorpn.com/iud/smb-copper-t-380a |access-date=July 21, 2020 |website=www.smbcorpn.com |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060613/https://www.smbcorpn.com/iud/smb-copper-t-380a |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 36
| 380 || 10 || SMB corp || WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
|-
|Protect TCu 380A
|T-shaped (banded)
|
|
|380
|12
|SMB corp
|WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
|-
|Protect Multi-arm Cu 375 standard
|U-shaped
|
|
|375
|5
|SMB corp
|WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
|-
|Protect Multi-arm Cu 375 short
|U-shaped
|
|
|375
|5
|SMB corp
|WHO UNFPA Prequalified IUD Manufacturer
|}

=== Frameless IUDs ===
[[File:GyneFix 200 Kupferkette.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|Gynefix 200 frameless IUD]]
The frameless IUD eliminates the use of the frame that gives conventional IUDs their signature T-shape. This change in design was made to reduce discomfort and expulsion risk associated with prior IUDs; without a solid frame, the frameless IUD should mold to the shape of the uterus. It may reduce expulsion and discontinuation rates compared to framed copper IUDs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wu S, Hu J, Wildemeersch D | title = Performance of the frameless GyneFix and the TCu380A IUDs in a 3-year multicenter, randomized, comparative trial in parous women | journal = Contraception | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–98 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10802273 | doi = 10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00087-1 }}</ref>

Gynefix is the only frameless IUD brand currently available. It consists of hollow copper tubes on a [[polypropylene]] thread. It is inserted through the [[cervix]] with a special applicator that anchors the thread to the [[fundus (uterus)|fundus]] (top) of the [[uterus]]; the thread is then cut with a tail hanging outside of the cervix, similar to framed IUDs, or looped back into the cervical canal for patient comfort. When this tail is pulled, the anchor is released and the device can be removed. This requires more force than removing a T-shaped IUD, but results in comparable discomfort at the time of removal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = D'Souza RE, Bounds W, Guillebaud J | title = Comparative trial of the force required for, and pain of, removing GyneFix versus Gyne-T380S following randomised insertion | journal = The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 29–31 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12681034 | doi = 10.1783/147118903101197494 | doi-access = free }}</ref>