Editing Conservation movement (section)

=== World Wide Fund for Nature ===
{{Main|World Wide Fund for Nature}}

{{Cquote|quote=You know, when we first set up WWF, our objective was to save endangered species from extinction. But we have failed completely; we haven't managed to save a single one. If only we had put all that money into condoms, we might have done some good.|author=[[Sir Peter Scott]], Founder of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]|source=''Cosmos Magazine'', 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.cosmosmagazine.com/opinion/a-plague-people/|title=A plague of people|work=[[Cosmos (magazine)|Cosmos]]|date=13 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106130856/http://archive.cosmosmagazine.com/opinion/a-plague-people/|archive-date=6 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

The [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF) is an [[Internationalism (politics)|international]] [[non-governmental organization]] founded in 1961, working in the field of the wilderness preservation, and the reduction of [[human impact on the environment]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Troëng|first1=Sebastian|last2=Rankin|first2=Eddy|date=2005-01-01|title=Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive green turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica|journal=Biological Conservation|language=en|volume=121|issue=1|pages=111–116|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.014|issn=0006-3207}}</ref> It was formerly named the "World Wildlife Fund", which remains its official name in [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=":0" />

WWF is the world's largest [[environmental organization|conservation organization]] with over five million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/project/|title=WWF conservation projects around the world}}</ref>  They have invested over $1 billion in more than 12,000 conservation initiatives since 1995.<ref name="WorldWildLife">{{cite web|title=WWF - Endangered Species Conservation|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org|website=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> WWF is a [[Foundation (nonprofit)|foundation]] with 55% of funding from individuals and bequests, 19% from government sources (such as the [[World Bank]], [[Department for International Development|DFID]], [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]]) and 8% from corporations in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/organization/|title=How is WWF run?|access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="WWF-INT Annual Review">{{cite book |title = WWFN-International Annual Review|year = 2014|publisher = World Wide Fund for Nature|url = http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/ar2014_v13_final_lr_sp.pdf|access-date = 17 September 2015|page = 37}}</ref>

WWF aims to "stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wwf.panda.org/mission_principles_goals.cfm |title=WWF's Mission, Guiding Principles and Goals |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=WWF |access-date=2019-01-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113210818/https://wwf.panda.org/mission_principles_goals.cfm| archive-date=2019-01-13}}</ref> The [[Living Planet Report]] is published every two years by WWF since 1998; it is based on a [[Living Planet Index]] and [[ecological footprint]] calculation.<ref name=":0" /> In addition, WWF has launched several notable worldwide campaigns including [[Earth Hour]] and [[Debt-for-Nature Swap]], and its current work is organized around these six areas: food, climate, freshwater, wildlife, forests, and oceans.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="WorldWildLife" />

==== "Conservation Far" approach ====
Institutions such as the WWF have historically been the cause of the displacement and divide between Indigenous populations and the lands they inhabit. The reason is the organization's historically colonial, paternalistic, and neoliberal approaches to conservation. Claus, in her article "Drawing the Sea Near: Satoumi and Coral Reef Conservation in Okinawa", expands on this approach, called "conservation far", in which access to lands is open to external foreign entities, such as researchers or tourists, but prohibited to local populations. The conservation initiatives are therefore taking place "far" away. This entity is largely unaware of the customs and values held by those within the territory surrounding nature and their role within it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Claus |first=C. Anne |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1156432505 |title=Drawing the sea near : Satoumi and coral reef conservation in Okinawa |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-4529-5947-4 |location=Minneapolis |oclc=1156432505}}</ref>

==== "Conservation near" approach ====
In Japan, the town of Shiraho had traditional ways of tending to nature that were lost due to colonization and militarization by the United States. The return to traditional sustainability practices constituted a “conservation near” approach. This engages those near in proximity to the lands in the conservation efforts and holds them accountable for their direct effects on its preservation. While conservation-far drills visuals and sight as being the main interaction medium between people and the environment, conservation near includes a hands-on, full sensory experience permitted by conservation-near methodologies.<ref name=":1" /> An emphasis on observation only stems from a deeper association with intellect and observation. The alternative to this is more of a bodily or "primitive" consciousness, which is associated with lower-intelligence and people of color. A new, integrated approach to conservation is being investigated in recent years by institutions such as WWF.<ref name=":1" /> The socionatural relationships centered on the interactions based in reciprocity and empathy, making conservation efforts being accountable to the local community and ways of life, changing in response to values, ideals, and beliefs of the locals. Japanese seascapes are often integral to the identity of the residents and includes historical memories and spiritual engagements which need to be recognized and considered.<ref name=":1" /> The involvement of communities gives residents a stake in the issue, leading to a long-term solution which emphasizes sustainable resource usage and the empowerment of the communities. Conservation efforts are able to take into consideration cultural values rather than the foreign ideals that are often imposed by foreign activists.