Editing Conduct disorder (section)

====Substance use disorders====
Conduct disorder is also highly associated with both substance use and abuse. Children with conduct disorder have an earlier onset of [[substance abuse|substance use]], as compared to their peers, and also tend to use multiple substances.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lynskey M. T. |author2=Fergusson D. M. | year = 1995 | title = Childhood conduct problems, attention deficit behaviors, and adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use | journal = Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology | volume = 23 | issue = 3| pages = 281–302 | doi=10.1007/bf01447558|pmid=7642838 |s2cid=40789985 }}</ref> Studies have shown that a diagnosis of conduct disorder during early adolescence (11-14 years old) was a significant predictor of substance abuse by the age of 18.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Irene J. |last2=McGue |first2=Matt |last3=Iacono |first3=William G. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Prospective Effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Sex on Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/210070 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1145–1152 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145 |pmid=17909126 |issn=0003-990X}}</ref> However, substance use disorders themselves can directly or indirectly cause conduct disorder-like traits in about half of adolescents who have a substance use disorder.<ref name="Brown-1996"/> As mentioned above, it seems that there is a transactional relationship between substance use and conduct problems, such that aggressive behaviors increase substance use, which leads to increased aggressive behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=White H.R. |author2=Loeber R. |author3=Stouthamer-Loeber M. |author4=Farrington D.P. |s2cid=9357010 | year = 1999 | title = Developmental associations between substance use and violence | journal = Development and Psychopathology | volume = 11 | issue = 4| pages = 785–803 | doi=10.1017/s0954579499002321|pmid=10624726 }}</ref> Notably, while older studies may have failed to find a correlation between hyperactivity or impulsivity as a predictor of conduct disorder, more recent studies have found that even a single symptom of ADHD or conduct disorder is associated with increased risk of substance abuse.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elkins |first1=Irene J. |last2=McGue |first2=Matt |last3=Iacono |first3=William G. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Prospective Effects of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Sex on Adolescent Substance Use and Abuse |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/210070 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=1145–1152 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145 |pmid=17909126 |issn=0003-990X}}</ref>

Substance use in conduct disorder can lead to antisocial behavior in adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khalifa|first1=N|last2=Duggan|first2=C|last3=Howard|first3=R|last4=Lumsden|first4=J|title=The relationship between childhood conduct disorder and adult antisocial behavior is partially mediated by early-onset alcohol abuse.|journal=Personality Disorders|date=October 2012|volume=3|issue=4|pages=423–32|pmid=22888992|doi=10.1037/a0027017}}</ref>