Editing Columbia University (section)

==Campus==

===Morningside Heights===
[[File:Columbia College Walk.jpg|thumb|College Walk]]
The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the [[Upper Manhattan]] neighborhood of [[Morningside Heights, Manhattan|Morningside Heights]] on [[Seth Low]]'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] planning principles by the architects [[McKim, Mead & White]]. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six [[city block]]s, or {{convert|32|acres|abbr=on}}, in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has [[Columbia University tunnels|an extensive tunnel system]], more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unearthing the Underground|url=http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=Columbia Spectator|language=en-US|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231254/http://features.columbiaspectator.com/eye/2016/04/13/unearthing-the-underground/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg|thumb|[[Butler Library]]]]
[[Butler Library]] is the largest in the [[Columbia University Libraries]] system and one of the largest buildings on the campus. It was completed in 1934 and renamed to Butler Library in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|title=Butler Library: Self-Guided Tour|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/5295/SelfGuided.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922032835/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/img/assets/5295/SelfGuided.pdf |archive-date=September 22, 2006 |url-status=live|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, [[Columbia University Library System|Columbia's library system]] includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Mian |first1=Anam |url=https://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2018-2019/ |title=ARL Statistics 2018–2019 |last2=Roebuck |first2=Gary |publisher=[[Association of Research Libraries]] |year=2020 |location=Washington, DC |pages=45 |access-date=July 30, 2021 |archive-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729235011/https://publications.arl.org/ARL-Statistics-2018-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. [[Low Memorial Library]], a [[National Historic Landmark]] and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. [[Philosophy Hall]] is listed as the site of the invention of [[FM radio]].<ref>Robert D. Colburn (July 2002) {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Philosophy Hall}}, National Park Service and {{NHLS url|id=03001046|title=''Accompanying 13 photos, exterior and interior, from c.1922–2001''|photos=y}}</ref> Also listed is [[Pupin Hall]], another [[National Historic Landmark]], which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by [[Enrico Fermi]]. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|author=Carolyn Pitts|year=1987|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Low Memorial Library, Columbia|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/87002599_text|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225232646/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/87002599_text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=1983|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Pupin Physics Laboratories, Columbia University—Accompanying photos|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000550_photos|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 4, 2016|archive-date=December 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225232651/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000550_photos|url-status=live}}</ref> Other buildings listed include [[Casa Italiana]], the [[Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building]] of [[St. Anthony Hall]], [[Earl Hall]], and the buildings of the affiliated [[Union Theological Seminary (New York City)|Union Theological Seminary]].<ref name="nycland">{{cite nycland|page=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (3/2/1934–)|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75319443|title=New York SP Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter|date=1996|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013|access-date=May 5, 2021|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505231252/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75319443|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Earl Hall at Columbia University Listed on National Register of Historic Places|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/2018/03/14/earl-hall-at-columbia-university-listed-on-national-register-of-historic-places/|access-date=May 5, 2021|website=NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project|language=en-US|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194741/https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/2018/03/14/earl-hall-at-columbia-university-listed-on-national-register-of-historic-places/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Department of the Interior. National Park Service.|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75320012|title=New York SP Union Theological Seminary|date=1980|series=File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, 1964 – 2013|access-date=June 11, 2021|archive-date=June 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611054131/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75320012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg|thumb|[[Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York|Union Theological Seminary]]]]
A statue by sculptor [[Daniel Chester French]] called ''[[Alma Mater (New York sculpture)|Alma Mater]]'' is centered on the front steps of [[Low Memorial Library]]. The statue represents a personification of the traditional image of the university as an ''[[alma mater]]'', or "nourishing mother", draped in an academic gown and seated on a throne. She wears a [[laurel wreath]] on her head and holds in her right hand a scepter capped by a King's Crown, a traditional symbol of the university. A book, representing learning, rests on her lap. The arms of her throne end in lamps, representing "Sapientia et Doctrina", or "Wisdom and Learning"; on the back of the throne is embossed an image of [[Heraldry of Columbia University|the seal of the university]].<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Durante |first=Dianne L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcwVCgAAQBAJ&q=alma+mater+statue+columbia |title=Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide |date=February 2007 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1987-9 |language=en |access-date=September 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928170910/https://books.google.com/books?id=QcwVCgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=alma+mater+statue+columbia&hl=en |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Smithsonian American Art Museum's Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture|title=Alma Mater (sculpture)|url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|access-date=April 14, 2011|publisher=The Smithsonian Institution|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122051823/https://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!20526~!0#focus|url-status=live}}</ref> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a [[women's college]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Meredith Foster|date=February 11, 2011|title=The Myth of the College Sweetheart|url=http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307091227/http://eye.columbiaspectator.com/article/2011/02/10/myth-college-sweetheart|archive-date=March 7, 2011|access-date=April 14, 2011|work=The Eye|publisher=Columbia Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 19, 1999|title=What Is the Mace? A Guide to Columbia's Icons|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|access-date=April 16, 2011|publisher=Columbia University Record|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216021347/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/newrec/2423/tmpl/story.4.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard P. Dober|title=The Steps at Low Library|url=http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814190951/http://dlmplanners.org/notes/pdf/The%20Steps%20at%20Low%20Library.pdf|archive-date=August 14, 2011|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Dober, Lidsky, Craig and Associates, Inc.}}</ref>
{{wide image|Columbia pano.jpg|1200px|Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from [[Butler Library]] and facing [[Low Memorial Library]]}}

===Other campuses===
[[File:LDEO_Entrance.jpg|thumb|Lamont Campus entrance in [[Palisades, New York|Palisades]], New York]]
[[File:Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg|thumb|The entrance to the [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons|College of Physicians and Surgeons]] in [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]]]]
In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a {{convert|17|acre}} site for a new campus in [[Manhattanville]], an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from [[125th Street (Manhattan)|125th Street]] to [[133rd Street (Manhattan)|133rd Street]], Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Columbia|first=Manhatanville|title=Manhattanville Columbia|url=https://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|access-date=June 23, 2020|archive-date=June 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625081336/https://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattanville in West Harlem|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|access-date=April 1, 2007|archive-date=December 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212014956/http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> The $7&nbsp;billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the [[Studebaker Building (Columbia University)|Studebaker Building]], [[Prentis Hall]], and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132&nbsp;apartments. Replacing these buildings created {{convert|6.8|e6sqft|m2}} of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|date=November 20, 2006|title=In West Harlem Land Dispute, It's Columbia vs. Residents|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html|access-date=February 6, 2017|archive-date=February 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218103051/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/nyregion/20columbia.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Timothy|date=September 21, 2008|title=2 Gas Stations, and a Family's Resolve, Confront Columbia Expansion Plan|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/nyregion/21gas.html|access-date=March 28, 2010|archive-date=May 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516153347/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/21/nyregion/21gas.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. {{As of|2008|12}}, the State of New York's [[Empire State Development Corporation]] approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Astor|first=Maggie|author2=Kim Kirschenbaum|date=December 18, 2008|title=M'ville Expansion Clears Last Major Hurdle, State Approves Eminent Domain|work=Columbia Spectator|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2008/12/18/mville-expansion-clears-last-major-hurdle-state-approves-eminent-domain|access-date=August 12, 2009|archive-date=January 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115071425/https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2008/12/18/mville-expansion-clears-last-major-hurdle-state-approves-eminent-domain/|url-status=live}}</ref> On May 20, 2009, the [[New York State Public Authorities Control Board]] approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 20, 2009|title=Columbia Manhattanville Project|work=Press Release|url=http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia/|url-status=dead|access-date=August 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506034150/http://www.empire.state.ny.us/columbia|archive-date=May 6, 2010}}</ref>

[[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and [[Cornell University]]. According to ''U.S. News & World Report''{{'}}s "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Harder|first=Ben|date=July 28, 2020|title=2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings|url=https://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=health.usnews.com|archive-date=July 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710190628/https://health.usnews.com/health-care/best-hospitals/articles/best-hospitals-honor-roll-and-overview|url-status=live}}</ref> Columbia's [[Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons|medical school]] has a strategic partnership with [[New York State Psychiatric Institute]], and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals in other countries. Health-related schools are located at the [[Columbia University Medical Center]], a {{convert|20|acre|adj=on}} campus located in the neighborhood of [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.<ref>{{cite web|title=NYP: Weschster|url=http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044827/http://www.cornellpsychiatry.org/about/westchester.html|archive-date=October 4, 2011|access-date=April 18, 2011|publisher=NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital}}</ref> On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]]), Columbia owns the {{convert|26|acre|adj=on}} Baker Field, which includes the [[Lawrence A. Wien Stadium]] as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the [[Hudson River]], the {{convert|157|acre|adj=on}} [[Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory]] and Earth Institute in [[Palisades, New York|Palisades]], New York. A fourth is the {{convert|60|acre|adj=on}} [[Nevis Laboratories]] in [[Irvington, New York]], for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at [[Reid Hall]].<ref name="A Brief History of Columbia2" />

===Sustainability===
In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattanville in West Harlem|url=http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212021255/http://manhattanville.columbia.edu/design-goals|archive-date=December 12, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Projects: Green Buildings|url=http://environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508230555/http://www.environment.columbia.edu/green-buildings|archive-date=May 8, 2014|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=Columbia Environmental Stewardship}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Greenmarket|date=September 30, 2007|url=http://www.grownyc.org/columbiagreenmarket|access-date=April 11, 2011|publisher=GrowNYC|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025211657/http://www.grownyc.org/columbiagreenmarket|url-status=live}}</ref>  Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Columbia University Green Report Card |url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213441/http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/columbia-university |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=April 11, 2011 |publisher=The College Sustainability Report Card}}</ref>[[File:116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG|thumb|Access to Columbia is enhanced by the [[116th Street–Columbia University (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|116th Street–Columbia University]] subway station ({{NYCS trains|Broadway-Seventh north}}) on the [[IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line]].]]
According to the [[A. W. Kuchler]] U.S. [[potential natural vegetation]] types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian [[Oak]] (''104'') with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern [[Hardwood]] Forest (''25'').<ref name="Conservation Biology Institute2">{{cite web|title=U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)|url=https://databasin.org/datasets/1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39|access-date=August 14, 2019|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703145441/https://databasin.org/datasets/1c7a301c8e6843f2b4fe63fdb3a9fe39|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
[[Columbia Transportation]] is the bus service of the university, operated by [[Academy Bus Lines]]. The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all [[The School at Columbia|TSC]] students can ride the buses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia Transportation|url=https://transportation.columbia.edu/|access-date=May 6, 2021|website=transportation.columbia.edu|archive-date=May 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022708/https://transportation.columbia.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[New York City Subway]], the {{NYCS Broadway-Seventh north|time=bullets}} train serves the university at [[116th Street–Columbia University station|116th Street-Columbia University]]. The {{NYC bus link|M4|M104|M60|prose=y}} buses stop on Broadway while the {{NYC bus link|M11}} stops on Amsterdam Avenue.

The main campus is primarily boxed off by the streets of Amsterdam Avenue, [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], 114th street, and 120th street, with some buildings, including Barnard College, located just outside the area. The nearest major highway is the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]] ([[New York State Route 9A|NY 9A]]) to the west of the campus. It is located {{convert|3.4|mi|km}} south of the [[George Washington Bridge]].