Editing Cologne (section)

==Geography==
The metropolitan area encompasses over {{convert|405|km2|0|abbr=off}}, extending around a central point that lies at 50° 56' 33 latitude and 6° 57' 32 longitude. The city's highest point is {{convert|118|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] (the [[Monte Troodelöh]]) and its lowest point is {{convert|37.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level (the [[Worringer Bruch]]).<ref>Bezirksregierung Köln: Topografische Karte 1:50.000 (TK 50), Blatt L 5108 Köln-Mülheim. Köln 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-89439-422-6}}.</ref> The city of Cologne lies within the larger area of the [[Cologne Lowland]], a cone-shaped area of the central [[Rhineland]] that lies between [[Bonn]], [[Aachen]] and [[Düsseldorf]].

===Districts===
{{Main|Districts of Cologne}}
Cologne is divided into 9 boroughs (''Stadtbezirke'') and 85 districts (''Stadtteile''):<ref name="Cologneglance">{{cite web|title=Cologne at a glance|url=http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/cologne_a_glance|publisher=City of Cologne|access-date=17 April 2011|archive-date=25 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525020636/http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/cologne_a_glance|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;"
| style="padding-right:1em;" |
; [[Innenstadt, Cologne|Innenstadt]] (Stadtbezirk 1)
: Altstadt-Nord, Altstadt-Süd, Neustadt-Nord, Neustadt-Süd, [[Deutz, Cologne|Deutz]]
; [[Rodenkirchen]] (Stadtbezirk 2)
: [[Bayenthal]], Godorf, Hahnwald, Immendorf, Marienburg, Meschenich, Raderberg, Raderthal, Rodenkirchen, Rondorf, Sürth, Weiß, [[Zollstock]]
; [[Lindenthal, Cologne|Lindenthal]] (Stadtbezirk 3)
:  Braunsfeld, [[Junkersdorf]], Klettenberg, Lindenthal, Lövenich, Müngersdorf, [[Sülz]], Weiden, Widdersdorf
; [[Ehrenfeld, Cologne|Ehrenfeld]] (Stadtbezirk 4)
: Bickendorf, Bocklemünd/Mengenich, Ehrenfeld, Neuehrenfeld, Ossendorf, Vogelsang
; [[Nippes, Cologne|Nippes]] (Stadtbezirk 5)
: Bilderstöckchen, Longerich, Mauenheim, [[Niehl, Cologne|Niehl]], Nippes, Riehl, Weidenpesch
| [[File:Koeln bezirke1.png|300px]]
|
; [[Chorweiler]] (Stadtbezirk 6)
: Blumenberg, Chorweiler, Esch/Auweiler, Fühlingen, Heimersdorf, Lindweiler, Merkenich, Pesch, Roggendorf/Thenhoven, Seeberg, Volkhoven/Weiler, [[Worringen]]
; [[Porz]] (Stadtbezirk 7)
: [[Eil, Cologne|Eil]], Elsdorf, Ensen, Finkenberg, Gremberghoven, Grengel, Langel, Libur, Lind, [[Poll, Cologne|Poll]], Porz, Urbach, Wahn, Wahnheide, Westhoven, [[Zündorf]]
; [[Kalk, Cologne|Kalk]] (Stadtbezirk 8)
: Brück, Höhenberg, Humboldt/Gremberg, Kalk, Merheim, Neubrück, Ostheim, [[Rath/Heumar]], Vingst
; [[Mülheim, Cologne|Mülheim]] (Stadtbezirk 9)
: Buchforst, Buchheim, Dellbrück, Dünnwald, Flittard, Höhenhaus, Holweide, Mülheim, [[Stammheim, Cologne|Stammheim]]
|}

===Climate===
Located in the [[Rhine-Ruhr]] area, Cologne is one of the warmest cities in Germany. It has a [[Temperateness|temperate]]–[[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen: ''Cfb'']]) with cool winters and warm summers. It is also one of the cloudiest cities in Germany, with just 1,567.5 hours of sun a year. Its average annual temperature is {{convert|10.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}: {{convert|15.4|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|6.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night. In January, the mean temperature is {{convert|3.0|°C|0|abbr=on}}, while the mean temperature in July is {{convert|19.0|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The record high temperature of {{convert|40.3|°C|0|abbr=on}} happened on 25 July 2019 during the [[July 2019 European heat wave]] in which Cologne saw three consecutive days over {{convert|38.0|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Especially the inner urban neighbourhoods experience a greater number of hot days, as well as significantly higher temperatures during nighttime compared to the surrounding area (including the airport, where temperatures are classified).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/klimaforschung/klimawirk/stadtpl/stadtklimaprojekte/projekt_koeln/start_klima_koeln21.html|title=Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – Stadtklima Köln – Klimawandelgerechte Metropole Köln – Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel (KÖLN_21)|website=www.dwd.de|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604131150/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/klimaforschung/klimawirk/stadtpl/stadtklimaprojekte/projekt_koeln/start_klima_koeln21.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Still temperatures can vary noticeably over the course of a month with warmer and colder weather. Precipitation is spread evenly throughout the year with a light peak in summer due to showers and thunderstorms.

{{Weather box
| location     = Cologne ([[Cologne Bonn Airport]], 1991–2020, extremes 1957–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 16.2
|Feb record high C = 21.0
|Mar record high C = 25.3
|Apr record high C = 30.8
|May record high C = 34.4
|Jun record high C = 36.8
|Jul record high C = 40.3
|Aug record high C = 38.8
|Sep record high C = 33.1
|Oct record high C = 27.6
|Nov record high C = 20.2
|Dec record high C = 16.7
|year record high C = 
| Jan avg record high C  = 13.1
| Feb avg record high C  = 14.5
| Mar avg record high C  = 19.7
| Apr avg record high C  = 24.7
| May avg record high C  = 28.2
| Jun avg record high C  = 31.7
| Jul avg record high C  = 33.2
| Aug avg record high C  = 32.7
| Sep avg record high C  = 27.4
| Oct avg record high C  = 22.3
| Nov avg record high C  = 16.8
| Dec avg record high C  = 13.2
| year avg record high C = 35.4
|Jan high C = 5.9
|Feb high C = 7.2
|Mar high C = 11.4
|Apr high C = 16.1
|May high C = 19.7
|Jun high C = 22.7
|Jul high C = 24.9
|Aug high C = 24.5
|Sep high C = 20.4
|Oct high C = 15.2
|Nov high C = 9.8
|Dec high C = 6.5
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 3.0
|Feb mean C = 3.6
|Mar mean C = 6.7
|Apr mean C = 10.4
|May mean C = 14.1
|Jun mean C = 17.1
|Jul mean C = 19.0
|Aug mean C = 18.5
|Sep mean C = 14.8
|Oct mean C = 10.8
|Nov mean C = 6.7
|Dec mean C = 3.8
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 0.0
|Feb low C = 0.1
|Mar low C = 2.0
|Apr low C = 4.5
|May low C = 8.1
|Jun low C = 11.2
|Jul low C = 13.3
|Aug low C = 12.8
|Sep low C = 9.7
|Oct low C = 6.8
|Nov low C = 3.5
|Dec low C = 1.0
|year low C = 
|Jan avg record low C=  -9.1
|Feb avg record low C=  -8.0
|Mar avg record low C= -5.3
|Apr avg record low C= -3.1
|May avg record low C= 0.9
|Jun avg record low C= 5.2
|Jul avg record low C= 7.7
|Aug avg record low C= 6.9
|Sep avg record low C= 3.7
|Oct avg record low C= -0.8
|Nov avg record low C= -3.8
|Dec avg record low C= -7.1
|year avg record low C= -11.8
|Jan record low C = -23.4
|Feb record low C = -19.2
|Mar record low C = -13.4
|Apr record low C = -8.8
|May record low C = -2.9
|Jun record low C = -0.5
|Jul record low C = 2.9
|Aug record low C = 1.9
|Sep record low C = -1.3
|Oct record low C = -6.0
|Nov record low C = -10.4
|Dec record low C = -18.0
|year record low C = 
| precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	61.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 	53.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 	55.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 	48.2
|May precipitation mm = 	62.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 	86.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 	87.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	83.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 	66.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 	64.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 	63.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 	69.2
| year precipitation mm =	802.1
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	17.2
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.3
|Mar precipitation days = 	16.0
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.0
|May precipitation days = 	14.4
|Jun precipitation days = 	14.4
|Jul precipitation days = 	15.4
|Aug precipitation days = 	14.5
|Sep precipitation days = 	14.2
|Oct precipitation days = 	15.6
|Nov precipitation days = 	17.4
|Dec precipitation days = 	19.1
|year precipitation days = 	187.6
|Jan sun = 	54.3
|Feb sun = 	74.8
|Mar sun = 	124.8
|Apr sun = 	172.6
|May sun = 	198.7
|Jun sun = 	201.3
|Jul sun = 	207.2
|Aug sun = 	196.6
|Sep sun = 	149.5
|Oct sun = 	104.6
|Nov sun = 	58.9
|Dec sun = 	45.3
|year sun = 	1588.6
|Jan humidity = 	81.8
|Feb humidity = 	78.4
|Mar humidity = 	72.9
|Apr humidity = 	67.2
|May humidity = 	68.9
|Jun humidity = 	70.8
|Jul humidity = 	70.9
|Aug humidity = 	73.0
|Sep humidity = 	77.8
|Oct humidity = 	81.5
|Nov humidity = 	83.7
|Dec humidity = 	83.9
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 	4.0
|Feb snow days = 	3.3
|Mar snow days = 	0.8
|Apr snow days = 	0.1
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0
|Nov snow days = 	0.3
|Dec snow days = 	2.1
|year snow days = 	
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012161345/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Koeln-Bonn_10513.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Koeln-Bonn_10513.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|title=Wetter und Klima – Deutscher Wetterdienst – CDC (Climate Data Center)|website=www.dwd.de|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619232425/https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 |date=20 January 2021
}}

The progressing climate change can be seen by looking at the climate data of the previous decade with lower mean temperatures.

{{Weather box
| location     = Cologne/Bonn Airport 1981–2010
| collapsed = yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 5.4
|Feb high C = 6.7
|Mar high C = 10.9
|Apr high C = 15.1
|May high C = 19.3
|Jun high C = 21.9
|Jul high C = 24.4
|Aug high C = 24.0
|Sep high C = 19.9
|Oct high C = 15.1
|Nov high C = 9.5
|Dec high C = 5.9
|year high C = 14.8
| Jan avg record high C  = 12.5
| Feb avg record high C  = 14.0
| Mar avg record high C  = 19.0
| Apr avg record high C  = 23.7
| May avg record high C  = 27.7
| Jun avg record high C  = 30.8
| Jul avg record high C  = 32.3
| Aug avg record high C  = 32.0
| Sep avg record high C  = 26.4
| Oct avg record high C  = 21.9
| Nov avg record high C  = 16.4
| Dec avg record high C  = 12.8
| year avg record high C = 34.1
|Jan mean C = 2.6
|Feb mean C = 2.9
|Mar mean C = 6.3
|Apr mean C = 9.7
|May mean C = 14.0
|Jun mean C = 16.6
|Jul mean C = 18.8
|Aug mean C = 18.1
|Sep mean C = 14.5
|Oct mean C = 10.6
|Nov mean C = 6.3
|Dec mean C = 3.3
|year mean C = 10.3
|Jan low C = -0.6
|Feb low C = -0.7
|Mar low C = 2.0
|Apr low C = 4.2
|May low C = 8.1
|Jun low C = 11.0
|Jul low C = 13.2
|Aug low C = 12.6
|Sep low C = 9.8
|Oct low C = 6.7
|Nov low C = 3.1
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 5.8
|Jan avg record low C=  -10.3
|Feb avg record low C=  -8.9
|Mar avg record low C= -5.2
|Apr avg record low C= -3.2
|May avg record low C= 1.3
|Jun avg record low C= 4.7
|Jul avg record low C= 7.6
|Aug avg record low C= 6.8
|Sep avg record low C= 3.5
|Oct avg record low C= -0.8
|Nov avg record low C= -4.2
|Dec avg record low C= -8.3
|year avg record low C= -13.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 62.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 54.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 64.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 53.9
|May precipitation mm = 72.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 90.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 85.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 75.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 74.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 67.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 67.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 71.1
|year precipitation mm = 838.6
|source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue
  |title=Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte
  |accessdate=}}</ref>
}}

===Flood protection===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-10776, Köln, Hochwasser.jpg|right|thumb|The 1930 flood in Cologne]]
Cologne is regularly affected by flooding from the Rhine and is considered the most flood-prone European city.<ref name="Reinhard Vogt">{{cite web|url=http://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/Mitch/Workshop2/Papers/Gocth_Vogt.pdf|title=Flood Forecasting and Flood Defence in Cologne|author1=Martin Gocht|author2=Reinhard Vogt|publisher=Mitigation of Climate Induced Natural Hazards (MITCH)|access-date=20 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324213456/http://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/Mitch/Workshop2/Papers/Gocth_Vogt.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref> A city agency (''Stadtentwässerungsbetriebe Köln'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steb-koeln.de/management0.html|title=Stadtentwässerungsbetriebe Köln : Flood Management|publisher=Steb-koeln.de|access-date=7 July 2009|archive-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217220207/http://www.steb-koeln.de/management0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "Cologne Urban Drainage Operations") manages an extensive flood control system which includes both permanent and mobile [[flood wall]]s, protection from rising waters for buildings close to the river banks, monitoring and forecasting systems, pumping stations and programmes to create or protect [[floodplain]]s, and river embankments.<ref name="Reinhard Vogt"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hochwasserschutz.de/en/pdf/IBS_Koeln_Rhein.pdf|title=Flood Defence Scheme City of Cologne|access-date=20 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324213456/http://www.hochwasserschutz.de/en/pdf/IBS_Koeln_Rhein.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref> The system was redesigned after a 1993 flood, which resulted in heavy damage.<ref name="Reinhard Vogt"/>